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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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language isolate
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having no known living language relatives
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Basque
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This language is spoken in Europe and is considered a language isolate
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What are the Romance Languages?
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French, German, Spanish, Latin, Italian, etc.
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Protolanguage
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reconstructed earlier form of a language
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Language Groups
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collection of languages that share a common origin and are similar in vocabulary and grammar
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Language Families
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collection of languages related through a common ancestral language existing several thousand years ago
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Literary Tradition
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system of written communication; many, but not all languages, have this
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Language
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any systematic method of communicating ideas, attitudes, or intent through mutually understood signs, sounds, or gestures
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What was the Official Language of England beginning in 1066?
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French. Its presence started with the Norman Invasion by William the Conqueror.
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How many official state languages does India have?
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22
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What are the language families?
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Afro-Asiatic, Altaic Amerindian, Austro-Asiatic, Austronesian, Caucasian, Dravidian, Eskimo-Aleut, Indo-European, Japanese, Khoisan, Korean, Niger-Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Papuan, Sino-Tibetan, Uralic, Sparsely Inhabited
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What is the largest language family?
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Indo-European; has 8 branches: most common= Germanic, Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, and Romance; least common: Albanian, Armenian, Greek, and Celtic
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Language Spread
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Language is like luggage; people carry it with them when they move from place to place, incorporating new words when they reach new places and contributing words brought with them to the existing language.
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Ideograms
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writing system where each symbol represents an idea or concept rather than a specific sound
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Language spread - 2
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1) through adoption of language; and 2) by conquest from another culture
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Official language
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language used by a government for business and publication documents
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Dialect
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regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
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Pidgin
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usually a simplified form of one language (English/French) with borrowings from another (usually non-European); examples: Lingala-mix of Congolese dialects and French
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Creole
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when a pidgin language becomes the 1st language of a group of people who may have lost their native tongue through disuse; examples: Swahili, Afrikaans, Haitian Creole, Bazaar Malay.
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Lingua Franca
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a language of international communication
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Language Spread
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Most languages spread through relocation diffusion; however, English spread through expansion diffusion
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Extinct Language
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once spoken or read by people in daily activites but is no longer used; nearly 516 languages
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Language Revival
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Hebrew; once used in Biblical times, then later only in religious services. In 1948, Israel became an independent country and This language became an official language. More then 4,000 words have been created for modern objects.
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Preserving Endangered Languages
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several belonging to the Celtic branch of Indo-European: Irish, Cornish
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Religion
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unified system of beliefs and practices that join those who adhere to them into a community
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Ethnic Religion
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appeals primarily to one group of people living in one place; Hinduism is the largest; 1) Have strong territorial and cultural group identification; 2) one becomes a member through birth of adoption of complex lifestyle and cultural identity; 3) usually do not seek converts
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Universalizing Religion
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attempts to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world; the 3 with the largest # of adherents are Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism; Open to anyone who wants to make a symbolic commitment (ex. Baptism, confirmation, etc.)
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Hinduism
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did not originate from a specific founder, existed before recorded history; the word originated in 6th century BC and referred to people living in what's now India
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Judaism
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founded upon the teachings of Jesus; these people believe that Jesus died to atone human sins, and was raised from the dead by God; resurrection provides hope and salvation to the people
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Islam
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means "submission to the will of God" in Arabic; believe in the Quran= record of Gods words to Muhammad through Gabriel; Muhammad is known as the LAST prophet
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Buddhism
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Siddhartha Gautama- founder of this
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Branch
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a large and fundamental division within a religion
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Denomination
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a division of a branch that unites a # of local congregations in single legal and administrative body
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Sect
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relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
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Branches of Christianity
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Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, & Protestantism
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Roman Catholicism
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- God conveyed his grace through 7 sacraments
- the Eucharist become the body and blood of Christ while keeping appearance of wine and bread, known as transubstantiation |
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Eastern Orthodoxy
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- Collection of 14 self-governing churches derived from Eastern part of Roman Empire
- Split b/w Roman and Eastern churches happened in 1054 AD - Russian Ortho Church has over 40% of Eastern Ortho Christians |
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Protestantism
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-Protestant Reform. began w/ Martin Luther posting the 95 these on door of Church in Germany in 1517
- ML believed people had primary responsibility for achieving personal salvation through direct commun. w/ God - Grace is achieved through faith instead of sacraments performed by the church |
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Branches of Islam
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Sunni & Shiite
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Islamic disagreement
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In the earliest days of Islam there was a disagreement over the line of succession after the death of Muhammad; he left no surviving son nor follower of comparable leadership ability
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Sunni
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Muhammad's close friend, as the 1st caliph of Islam; Sunni Muslims regard the 1st 4 caliphs as Rashidun
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Shiite
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Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, was the rightful successor to Muhammad and rejected the legitimacy of the 1st 3 Rashidun caliphs.
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Branches of Buddhism
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Theravada & Mahayana
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Theravada
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- means "way of the elders"
- emphasizes Buddha's life of wisdom, self-help, and solitary introspection - Accounts for 38% of Buddhists |
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Mahayana
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- means "the bigger ferry"
- split from Theravada about 2,000 years ago - Emphasizes Buddha's life of teaching, compassion, and helping others - Accounts for 56% of Buddhists |
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Deities in Hinduism
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In India, support for certain deities is as follows:
- North = Shiva & Shakti - South = Shiva & Vishnu - East = Shakti & Vishnu - West = Vishnu |
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Characteristics of Hinduism
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- Practiced by more than 80% of the population of india and Nepal
- All but 3% of world's Hindus are concentrated in India |
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Characteristics of Judaism
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- Around 6 million adherents in the US, 5 million in Israel, 2 million in Europe, and 1 million each in Latin America and Asia
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Animism
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about 12% of people on the continent of Africa follow traditional religions known as this
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What is fundamentalism?
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A literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion.
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Ireland: Territorial Conflicts
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- Ireland was English colony & made UK in 1801, but after poor conditions, some wanted ind. which led to mass emigration.
- When most of Ire became ind., 26 N districts voted to remain in UK bc they were PROTESTANT. - Catholics in N Ireland discriminated against & killed. - Since 1968 more than 3,000 PROTESTANTS & CATHOLICS have been killed in N Ireland. |
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Middle East: Territorial Conflicts
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- JEWS, MUSLIMS, and CHRISTIANS have fought for 2,000 years over control of Israel/ Palestine.
- middle east was holy place to all 3 religions clustered in Jerusalem |
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Jews conflict over Middle East
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- the Promised Land because major events developed there for their religion and rituals from the ancient Hebrew tribe (Western Wall)
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Christians conflict over Middle East
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Palestine (holy land) and Jerusalem (holy city) bc of the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus
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Muslims conflict over Middle East
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3rd holiest place where Muhammad is thought to have ascended to heaven (Dome of the Rock, al-Aqsa Mosque)
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Nationality
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identity with a group of people that share legal attachment and pledge allegiance to a place bc they were born there
- ex. If you come from Spain, you're a Spaniard by nationality. |
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Ethnicity
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-identity with a group of people that share distinct physical & mental traits bc of common heredity & cultural traditions
- ex. Even though you may be a Spaniard, your ethnicity could be Catalan or even Galician;ex. Bound together by a common origin, & set apart from other groups by ties of culture, race, religion, language, nationality |
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Race
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identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor; this has been one of the largest and hardest divisions to heal in our society
- ex. Slave labor for economy, and later the "One Drop Rule" |
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Racism
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belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, resulting in an inherent superior race.
- a Racist is a person who subscribes to this belief |
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US Ethnic Distribution
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- 2 most numerous ethnic groups in US are Hispanics (15%) and African Americans (13%); other noted ethnicities include Asian Americans (5%) and American Indians (1%).
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Hispanics - Regional Distribution
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- CA= 30%
- TX = 20% - FL and NY = 15% each - New Mexico = 44% - MEXICO = 64% - Puerto Rico = 9% - Cuba = 4% |
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African Americans - Regional Distribution
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- make up more than 33% of the pop.of MS, and 25% of AL, GA, LA, MD, and SC.
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Asian American - Regional Distribution
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- more than 40% of the pop. of Hawaii
- 1/2 live in CA, representing 12% of state pop. - CHINESE account for 23% which is largest group |
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American Indians - Regional Distribution
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- 13% of Alaskan population
- 10% of New Mexico - 9% of South Dakota |
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Slave Trade
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Was a response to a shortage of labor, and Europeans turned to African slaves as cheap and abundant labor
- b/w 1710-1810 around 10 million Africans were taken and sold into Western Hemisphere - less than 5% ended up in US |
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Triangular Slave Trade
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- Slaves from Africa and Caribbean
- Molasses from Caribbean and Europe - Trade goods from Europe to Africa - during the 18th century, British shipped 400k slaves to 13 colonies; most ended up on cotton and tobacco plantations |
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Sharecroppers
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work fields rented from landowners and pays the rent and loans from a share of the crops
- left them with heavy debts - forced to grow cash crops for the master rather than food for themselves |
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Former States of the USSR
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Baltic States, European States, Central Asian States, and Caucasus States
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Baltic States
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- Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania
- all 3 differ in language, religion, and traditions |
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Balkanization
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process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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