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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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two dimensional or flat-scale model of Earth's surface.
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Map
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specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular character.
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Place
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an area of Earth distinguished by a distinctive combination of cultural and physical features.
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Region
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relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and as a whole.
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Scale
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refers to the physical gap or interval between two objects.
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Space
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relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space.
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Connections
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science of map-making.
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Cartography
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the relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth.
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Map Scale
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scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map.
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Projection
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divided much of the country into a system of townships and ranges to facilitate.
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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square 6 miles on each side
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Township
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north-south lines seperating townships.
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Principal Meridians
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east-west lines
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Base lines
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1 mile by 1 mile
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Sections
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computer system that can capture, store, query, analyze, and display geographic data.
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GIS (Geographic Information System)
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the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long distance methods.
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Remote Sensing
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a system that determines accurately the precise position of something on Earth.
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GPS (Global Positioning System)
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the position that something occupies on Earth's surface.
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Location
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name given to a place on Earth.
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Toponym
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physical character of a place.
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Site
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location of a place relative to other places.
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Situation
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arc drawn between the North and South poles.
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Meridian
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circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
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Parallel
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numbering system used to indicate the location of a meridian.
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Longitude
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meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich ,England at 0 degrees longitude.
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Prime meridian
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numbering system used to indicate the location of a parallel.
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Latitude
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international agreement designated the time at the prime meridian.
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Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Time (UT)
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180 degree longitude
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International Date line
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combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation.
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Cultural Landscape
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contemporary cultural landscape approach in geography.
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Regional studies
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also called a uniform region or homogenous region, is an area within everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
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Formal region
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also called a nodal region, is an area organized around a node or focal point.
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Functional region
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also called perceptual region, is a place that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity.
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Vernacular region
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an internal representation of a portion of Earth's surface
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Mental Map
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the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
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Culture
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geographic study of human-environment relationships.
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Cultural Ecology
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applying laws from the natural sciences to understanding relationships between the physical environment and human actions.
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Environmental determinism
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physical environment may limit some human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to their environment.
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Possibilism
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substances that are useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and is socially acceptable to use
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Resources
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a piece of land that is created by draining water from an area.
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Polder
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force of process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.
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Globalization
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conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries.
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Trasnational corporation
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arrangement of a feature
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Distribution
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total number of objects in an area.
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Arithmetic density
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number of persons per unit of area suitable for agriculture.
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Physiological density
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extent of a features spread over space
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Concentration
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geometric arrangement of objects in space
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Pattern
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number of farmers per unit of farmland
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Agricultural density
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the reduction in the time it takes for something to reach another place.
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space-time compression
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contact diminished with increasing distance and eventually disappears
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Distance decay
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process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time
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Difussion
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place where innovation originates
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Hearth
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the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
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Relocation diffusion
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spread of a feature from one place to another in a snowballing process.
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Expansion diffusion
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spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places.
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Hierarchical diffusion
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rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population.
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Contagious diffusion
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spread of an underlying principle
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Stimulus diffusion
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increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and peripheral regions that results from the globilization of the economy.
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Uneven Development
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scientific study of population characteristics
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Demography
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portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
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Ecumene
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total # of people divided by total land area.
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Arithmetic density
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number of people supported by a unit area of arable land.
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Physiological density
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ratio of # of farmers to the amount of arable land
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Agricultural density
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total # of live births in a year for every 1000 people alive in society
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Crude Birth Rate CBR
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total # of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive in society
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Crude Death Rate CDR
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percentage by which a population grows in a year
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Natural increase rate NIR
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#'s of years needed to double a population
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Doubling Time
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measures the number of births in a society
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Total Fertility rate TFR
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annual number of deaths in infants under one year of age, compared with total live births.
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Infant Mortality Rate IMR
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measures the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live at current mortality levels
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Life expectancy
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process of change in a societys population.
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Demographic transition
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time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and athering
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Agriculutural revolution
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began in England in the late eighteenth century and spread to the European continent and North America during the ninteenth century
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INdustrial revolution
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when medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused to the less developed countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America
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Medical revolution
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when crude birth rate declines to the point where it equals the crude death rate, and the natural increase approached zero.
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Zero Population growth ZPG
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a country's population can be displayed by age and gender on this bar graph
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Population pyramid
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number of people who are too young, or too old to work, compared to the number of people in their productive years.
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Dependency ratio
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the number of males per hunded females in the population
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Sex ratio
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permanent move to a new location
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Migration
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migration FROM a location
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Emigration
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migration TO a location
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Immigration
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the difference between the # of immigrants and the number of emigrants.
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net migration
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a more general term covering all types of movements from one place to another
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Mobility
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types of short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis, such as daily monthly, or annually.
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Circulation
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induces people to move out of their present location
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Push factor
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induces people to move into a new location
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Pull factor
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people who have been forced to migrate from their home and cant return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
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Refugees
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area subject to flooding during a specific number of years, based on historical trends.
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Floodplain
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an environemtnal or cultural feature that hinders migration
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Intervening obstacles
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permanent movement from one country to another
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International migration
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permanent movement within the same country
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internal migration
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movement from one region of a country to another
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interregional migration
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implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvement
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voluntary migration
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means that the migrant has been compelled to move by cultural factors.
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forced migration
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consists of changes in a society comparable to those in demographic transition
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migration transition
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ones who enter without proper documents
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undocumented immigrants
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the migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
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chain migration
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max limits on the # of people who could immigrate to the US from each country during a one-year period
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Quotas
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a large-scale emigration by talented people
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Brain drain
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citizens of poor countries who obtain jobs in Western Europe and the Middle
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Guest Workers
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a repetitive act that a particular individual performs, such as wearing jeans to class every day
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Habit
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repetitive act of a geoup, performed to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group
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Custom
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traditionally practice primarily by small, homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas.
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folk culture
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found in large, heterogenous societies that share certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics
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Popular culture
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restriction on behavior imposed by social custom
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Taboo
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system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
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Language
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system of written communication
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Literary tradition
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one used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects.
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official language
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a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
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Dialect
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a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, and education, and mass communication
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standard language
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commonly used by politicians, broadcastors, and actors
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British received pronunciation.
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every word that isnt used nationally has some geographic extent within the country and therefore has boundaries
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Isoglass
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collection of languages related through a common ancestor that existed several thousand years ago
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language branch
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collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
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language group
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the latin that people in the provinces learned
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Vulgar latin
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represent ideas or concepts
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Ideograms
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once in use
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extinct languages
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a language of international communication such as english
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lingua franca
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a group that learns english or another lingua franca may learn a simplified form
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Pidgin language
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a combination of ebony and phonics
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Ebonics
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a combination of spanish and english
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Spanglish
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a large and fundamental division within a religion
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branch
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division of a branch that units a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body
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denomination
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relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
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Sect
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belief that there is only on God
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Monotheism
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worship of many gods
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Polytheism
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individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion
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Missionaries
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word for a follower of a polytheistic religion in ancient times
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Pagan
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city neighborhood set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews
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Ghetto
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journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred
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Pilgramage
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set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe
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Cosmogony
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special significance in some ethnic religions
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Solstice
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basic unit of geographic organization in the Roman Catholic Church
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Diocese
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interaction among communities
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Autonomous religions
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literal interpretation and a strict and intense adherence to basic principles of a religion
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Fundamentalism
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class of distinct heriditary order into which a Hindu was assigned according to religionus law
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Case
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identity with a group of people who share the cultural traditions of a particular homeland or hearth.
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Ethnicity
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identity with a group of people who share a biological ancestor
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Race
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efficient triangular trading patterm
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triangular slave trade
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works fields rented from a landowner and pays the rent by turning over to the landowner a share of the crops
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Sharecropper
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belief that a race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities and that racial difference produce an inherent superiority of a particular race.
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Racism
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person who subscribes to the beliefs of racism
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Racist
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real estate agents convinced white homeowners living near a black area to sell their houses at lower prices, preying on their fears that black families would soon move into the neighborhood and cause property values to decline.
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Blockbusting
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physical seperation of different races into different geographics areas
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Apartheid
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identity with a group of people with shared traits
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Nationality
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the concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
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Self-determination
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a state whose territory corresponds to that occupied by a particular ethnicity that has been transformed into a nationality
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Nation-state
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loyalty and devotion to a nationality
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Nationalism
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an attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state.
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Centripetal force
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a state that contains more than one ethnicity
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Multi-ethnic state
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contains 2 ethnic groups with traditions of self determination that agree to coexist peacefully by recognizing each other as distinct nationalities
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Multi-national states
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a process in which a more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogenous region
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Ethnic cleansing
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used to descrive a small geographic area that could not successfully be organized into 1 or more stable states.
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Balkanized
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process by which a state breaks down through conflicts among its ethnicities
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Balkinization
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