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192 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cuban Special Period |
- 1989-1993 - Energy intake fell - Medical availability decreased - Housing/transpo - Ag (no more chems, rationing, new practices, support local incentives)
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Energy Response |
- NEDP- reduce imports/max domestic use (off-grid) - CESP- reduce elect consump/educate - Storm management (power plants) - CER- replace energy ineffic appliances - CER- low rates for low use (elect) - CER- renewable energy/nat resources |
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Cuban Medical Care |
- Free - Most phys per person - Support mothers/children
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Cuba Education |
- Free - 2nd in educ as share of GDP (5.5%) - Avg time in school is 18 yrs |
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Cuban Agriculture |
- A ton of organizations/resources/support - Urban farms- produce 70% of veges in cities - Less reliance on chemicals - Rural farmers produce most - Production diversity |
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Other Cuban Indicators |
- Growth/life expect/infant mort/obesity rates all solid - Focus on AIDs/HIV care- made own retrovial drugs/many scientists (only 0.1% have HIV) |
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Cuban Paradigm |
- Materially poor yet first-rate in ag/ed/medical - 2006- only sustainable country in the world - Low CO2 emissions - Perfect ex of surviving/thriving in resource-constrained world |
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KAB campaign |
- Stresses individual action to stop pollution but intentionally falls short 1. Distracts us 2. Brings issues into individ realm-- not focus on policies |
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BIG |
- Behavior-impact gap - Due to: 1. Rebound effect- use of more efficient appliances 2. Buying products we THINK are enivron friendly 3. Cut out something with good intentions but negatively compensate with something bad |
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BIG Problems |
- Day-to-day actions are not main contributor to problem - Garbage is only 3% of issue - Industrial waste SHOULD be focused on-- 76%
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Change |
- Must come from society level - Techs, cultural norms, infrastructure, policies, and laws - Advocated cohesive instead of individual action - Involves three things: 1. Idea of how things could be better 2. Needs commitment to move beyond individual action 3. Action must follow - Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families Coalition--have many involved and organize to shift industrial trends involving toxins - 350.org=huge/very impactful (climate crisis) - GAIA against waste--moves beyond individually-focused action |
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Examples of broad/effective groups |
- Safer Chemicals, Healthy Families Coalition--have many involved and organize to shift industrial trends involving toxins - 350.org=huge/very impactful (climate crisis) - GAIA against waste--moves beyond individually-focused action - LUCKILY, we have all the resources we need at our disposal--must just use them in a collective/sustainable way |
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Burdon's 1st Law of Ag Ecology |
- Man's ag practices directly oppose nature's quest for stability |
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Foundations of Indust Ag |
1. Fossil fuels--10 cals of ffs used to produce 1 cal of food 2. Subsidies-- 1% own 25% of all farms 3. Globalization 4. Synthetics--GREATEST THREAT TO ALL HUMANITY |
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Synthetics |
- Syn chemicals - GMOs |
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Synthetic Chemicals |
Syn Chem Rev: - Post-WWII - Pesticides - Pesticides |
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Human preference for early eco succession |
- Based in a lot of biomass - Control through: 1. Labor 2. Syn Chems--attack reproduction/growth/immune systems/attacks DESIRABLE SPECIES - 30% of all foods come from pollination (?) |
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Desirable Species |
1. Bees effected by syn chems--colony collapse disorder 2. Humans--Syn Chems hurt: a. Endocrine systems b. Internal commun system c. Cancer d. Fertility problems e. Genital deform/sperm deform f. Low sperm count--1938-1990=density decreased by 50% |
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More...sperm facts |
- 2012=Isr sperm bank found quality decreased - 2002--rejected 10% - 2012--rejected 90% Reasons: 1. Estrogen in dairy products (10x more in Israel) 2. Synth estrogen in water supply (recycled H2O had est from birth control waste) 3. Phthalates in environment |
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Polycarbonate Plastics- BPA |
- Found in many products - Main compound in polycarb - Gender neutraliz/autism/ADHD/diabetes - 92% of academs say harmful - 0% of ACC studies say harmful - BPA in blood of 95% of Americans |
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Polycarbonates-Phthlates |
- Found in PVC/softer plastic/vinyl/toys - Asthma/allergies/low sperm counts/low dick size/obesity |
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Genetic Damage from Syn Chems through |
1. Direct gene damage 2. Disrupt epigentic process--epigenome=regulate gene functions that can alter DNA for multiple generations |
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Syn Chem Properties |
1. Persistent--resist breakdown--only 2nd law of ecol (as opposed to first) bc not natural 2. Diffused globally 3. Additive (builds up) 4. Synergistic (interact and makes worse) |
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2015 |
- 250 chemicals in blood stream of average American Acquire through: 1. Eating 2. Environment |
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Acquire through Eating |
- USDA=watchers -- Includes 250+ non-organic subs under "organic" list - FDA=watchers -- Food safety determined mainly by producers |
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Acquire through Environment |
- Toxic chems everywhere - 80,000 syn chems in US environment - CA Dept of Pesticide Regulation=watchers --menthy/iodide (?) - Estrogen response system is very sensitive (?) |
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GMOs |
- Transfer DNA across species - China=100% GMO rice |
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Dangers of GMOs |
1. Disturb nat interdependences 2. Contaminate non-GMO plants/animals 3. Decreases diversity 4. Concentrate econ power/control 5. Latent effects o |
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More GMO info |
- Banned in 60 countries (27 EU)
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Shiva |
- Threats to biosafety caused by genetic engineering is most important scientific issue of our time |
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Engleman |
- "Beyond Sustainababble" |
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Why Diversity Important? |
1. Ecological stability--promotes commun recovery (Cedar Creek ex) 2. Key to adaptation and evolution 3. Foundation of sustain, resilience, survivability |
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If Goal is Sustainability... |
- Guideline=promote diversity in all respects (genetic, political, species, cultural...etc) |
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Challenge of Ag |
- mimic characteristics of natural ecosystem while maintaining productivity - Polyculture=replacing complex community |
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Resilient |
= 1. Capable of withstanding shock 2. Recover size/shape after deformation 3. Adjust/recover from stress |
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MkB Resiliency |
- To survive, we must build planet that is 1. Durable 2. Sturdy 3. Stable 4. Hardy 5. Robust - Economy must be based on princip that makes small things breed stability |
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Mazur |
9 qualities of resilience: 1. Diversity 2. Redundancy 3. Modularity 4. Reserves 5. Social capital 6. Agency 7. Inclusiveness 8. Tight feedbacks 9. Innovation |
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Berthalt Brecht |
- B/C things are the way they are, they will not stay the way they are - All modern curves lead to disaster (Estaing) - When great disorder under the heavens=opportunities are excellent (Mao) |
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TAKING ACTION |
TAKING ACTION |
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Case Study #1--BPA |
- 2007--Miluak. Sentinel Article - 2011-- 11 states ban from baby drink contains - 2012-- banned from baby bottles/drink cups at request of ACC to BOOST CONSUMER CONFIDENCE |
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Engleman |
- Not much can be achieved by today's govts |
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Actions to Address Trad of Commons |
1. Coercion 2. Tech 3. Education-- Miluak. Journal Sentin example |
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Levels of Dysfunction |
1. Politicians 2. System 3. Culture - boils down to CULTURE/ultrasociety (the other two reinforce culture) |
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Action Case Study #2- Fishing on Central Coast |
- Community-based fishing organization Association - Bought 6 fed. groundfish trawl permits |
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Permit criteria Selection |
1. Must switch to vert/horiz rock and line fishing 2. Meet/coop w CBFA and o fishermen for Cooperative Harvest Plan to share info 3. Keep detailed data records 4. Carry on-board observer 5. Install cameras to track actions |
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Selection Committee for Permits |
- Pres/CEO of SLO Chamber of Commerce - Owner/op of organic farm - SLO Deput Ag Commiss - World Food Systems Instructor |
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Fishing example |
WORKED but climate was still changing while it was working - Sea species moving toward poles--no species replacing them |
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MkB |
- Focus efforts on local level - Build communities that can withstand what's coming --Adapt that which we cannot prevent --Prevent that which we cannot adapt |
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Grameen Banks in Bangladesh |
- Decentralizing sustainability--peer pressure for repayment enforcement - 1976-- 1 village and 42 people - Currently--54,000 villages and 6. million peeps |
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Effects of Grameen Banks |
- 48% of microcredit households able to rise above poverty line - Plant Eaaaarth challenge=staying above water |
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Cuba |
- Pre-1990= State of USSR/INDUSTRIALIZED ag - 1990= USSR collapse/oil imports fell by 87% - Special Period= down to 1863 calories pp/pd;avg adult lost 20 lbs by 1994
RESILIENCE/SURVIVABILITY bc of DIVERSITY |
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Cuba Survive Peak Oil (AG) |
1. Ag: - Urban gardens- 80-100% of produce
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Peak Oil (Sustain Practices) |
- No pesticides/foss fuel-based soil - NOW fertile/productive - Crop rotation/compost/green manure - 80% organic - Legumes--fix nitrogen to soil - Bio-pest/bio-fertilizers - 11% of scientists in LAmerica - 21x less pest usage - Crop-interplating--reduce need for pesticides |
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Peak Oil (Land Distribution) |
- 40% land given to private farms - 50% of arable land is private--most produc/sustainable - Use coops |
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Ecosystem |
- Spec biological community/phys environ interacts with matter and energy - Smallest is your body |
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Individual Efforts for Resiliency |
1. Reduce pesticide consumption 2. Reduce manufactured chemicals--phals 11x increase/BPA 110x increase - Use organic-based consumer products - Farmers markets |
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Community-Supported Ag |
- Customers buy some of the land - Members pay fee--get weekly boxes - Angelic Organics ex (1200 members/harvest 2 tons of veges per day) |
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Friedman |
"Only a crisis produces real change" - Actual or perceived crisis "When crisis occurs actions depend on pieces laying around" "Our function: develop alternatives to existing policies until impossible becomes inevitable" |
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Rise in Organic Farming |
- 164 nations - $64 billion industry - India--most certified CSAs (followed by Mexico than Uganda) |
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Jerzy-Boyz Farm |
- 5 acre organic apple farm - Shows MkB point that is possible to produce lots of food on rel small farms with LITTLE chems/fertilizers |
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Urban Ag |
- 800 million (11%) of world's population involved in urban ag - 2.2 million Cubans grow 70-100% of fruits/veges IN CITIES |
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Food Foward |
- NYC urban ag - Rooftop gardens in China |
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COMMUNITY ACTIONS (#2) |
COMMUNITY ACTIONS (#2) |
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Grassroots Organizations |
- Change almost never comes from top-down--those in power want to maintain status quo - Change almost always comes from bottom-up |
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Engleman |
- Not much acheiv by today's govts - People who survive in leadership develop realist strategies of likely eventualities |
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Brian Tietje |
Cal Poly Preppers |
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Long Emergency |
3 months to 30 years and beyond - Science of long emergency (David Orr) - Shelter/sanitation/energy - Food/water - Resilient, self-sufficient, sustain community - CERT-- transition towns - Local economies, self-gov, defense
(kinda in chronological order) |
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Naomi Klein |
warming is incompatible with any modern society |
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SLO Climate |
- Rocky intertidal - Coastal fog - Cold summer Mediterranean - Hot summer Mediterranean - Steppe- drier grasslands - Desert AND MANY MICRO-CLIMATES |
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Costa Rica |
- Earth University--400 students/20 countries - Focus on sustainability--health, equity, economic profits |
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Kansas |
Farm Service Agency--Tim Marshall - Wheat country - His cattle graze on: 1. New wheat 2. Crab grass 3. Native grass - 1st two years--cut cost of running cow and calf from $400/yr to $275/yr - Community is following suit
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Local Self-Sufficiency |
- Bio Willie - Africa's solar revolution--powers LED lights/radio/cell phone charger---takes $6 to sign up and $11 per month OPPOSED TO KEROSENE which costs $18 per month - Planet Eaaaaaaath challenge---desertification |
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Vandana Shiva |
- Peaceful non-cooperation/Ghandi/struggle for truth - Key---mobilize public support through non-violent actions that promote public awareness of injustice - Navdanya Movement--saving seeds--combats multinational seed companies |
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MLK |
"Militant, massive non-violence" |
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Seattle Protests |
- 50,000 - Gain support via awareness - Before protest= only 8% support - After= 83% - Use of internet/cyber planning - Laid out parade routes/globalized organizing |
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Visions of Heaven and Hell |
Key difference at this part in history= shift from cooperation to coordination |
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Occupy Wall Street |
1. 99% of population 2. Social Media 3. Flexibility in tactics |
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Edward Snowden |
Web 1.0= old, Seattle ex, no real feedback
Web 2.0= new, social media, COLLABORATIVE, electronic telepathy (some other dude) |
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Jim Hightower |
- All social movements linked (to climate change)
- Social movements can initiate/cause climate change |
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Gowdy |
- Ultrasociety has caused: 1. Environm devastation 2. Grave inequality |
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Taking action |
- Must change city-states through CULTURE |
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Solnit |
- Awakening - Hope history is wild/unexpected to elude present/future |
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Change through modern communications requires |
1. Affordable hardware/software - India has 35$ tablet for rural poor 2. Wireless internet - Joy Tang= onevillage eco-partner network--transformed global village from local area (winneba--helped future orgs as well) |
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Mazur |
Chaotic "back loop" produces change via collapse: 1. Release of resources 2. Opportunity to build 3. Seeds from which world blooms anew |
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Systems Thinking |
1. Everything connected 2. Covariance 3. Everything must go somewhere |
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Major historical watersheds |
- Ag revolution - Industrial revolution--complications span entire planet - Curves in both pos and neg directions catastrophic |
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Chief restraints to change |
1. Power structure 2. Ignorance |
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Goal of taking action |
- Resilience/survivability |
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Diversity |
- Biological/cultural necessary - Dispersal of power - Self-sufficiency |
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Hope because: |
1. We have historic examples 2. Begun to admit our probs/started problem solving 3. Nature is resilient |
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Biomes |
- Large biological communities - Temp and precip can determine w/o human distrubance |
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Biodiversity |
- Number/variety of biol species in a biome - Species 1. Create structure 2. Generate emergent properties (productivity as ex) |
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Vertical Zonation |
- Vegetation zones defined by altitude - Up mount whitney--find from shrub to alpine vegetation zones |
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Cloud Forests |
- Tropical forests - High in mountains - Keep vegetation wet all the time |
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Tropical Forests |
- Occur in abundant rainfall (>200 cm/yr) - Temps warm/hot year-round |
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Tropical Seasonal Forests |
- Supported IN tropical regions - Drought-tolerant forests - Brown in dry season but vivid green in rainy months - More attractive for human habitation than wet forests |
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Grasslands |
- too little rainfall for forests - Savannas- grasslands with sparse tree cover - Have rain season but much less and less dependable - Adaptations to survive drought/heat/fires (long-roots for water) |
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Deserts |
- low ran (<30 cm/yr) - Water-storing leaves/stems |
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Temperate Grasslands |
- Tropical latitudes - Enough rain for grass but not enough for forests - Tall grass prairies of central US/Canada - Overgrazing is main issue |
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Temperate Scrublands |
- Hot/dry summers - Moist/cool winters - Mediterranean - aka Chaparral in CA - Rich biologically |
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Temperate Forests |
Can be: 1. Deciduous (losing leaves seasonally) 2. Coniferous (evergreen/cone-bearing) |
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Boreal Forest |
- "Northern" forests - Coniferous - Lower latitude mount regions - Slow-growing - Siberia, Canada, western US |
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Tundra |
- Temps below freezing most of year - Only small vegetation can survive - Treeless/high lats or mountaintops - Arctic tundra= short grow season but 24-hour sun in summer - Alpine tundra= flowering at once - Low diversity |
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Phytoplankton |
- Free-floating photosynth plants - Support marine food web (as opposed to trees/grasses on land) |
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Open Ocean Communities |
1. Benthic= occur on the bottom 2. Pelagic= water columns - Epipelagic= on top (photosyn organisms) - Mesopelagic= medium - Bathypelagic= deep zones |
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Coral Reefs |
- Best-known marine systems - Most endangered - Minute/colonial animals |
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Bleaching |
- Whitening of reefs due to stress - Followed by coral death |
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Sea-grass beds |
- Occupy shallow/sandy coastlines - Support rich communities of grazers such as snails and turtles (Florida) |
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Mangroves |
- Salt-tolerant trees along warm marine coasts - Helped reduce speed/turbulence of Indonesian tsunami in 2004 |
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Estuaries |
- Bays where rivers empty into sea |
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Salt Marshes |
- Shallow wetlands flooded with seawater |
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Tide Pools |
- Depressions in rocky shoreline - Wave action prevents most plant growth |
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Freshwater Ecosystems |
1. Lakes 2. Wetlands 3. Streams |
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Lakes |
Vertical zones in descending order: - Epilimnion - Termocline - Hypelimnion - Benthos |
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Wetlands |
- Land surface satur/submerged part of year - Vegetation adapted to grow under saturated conditions - Kinds: 1. Swamps (wetlands with trees/forest) 2. Marshes (wetlands w/o trees) 3. Bogs- undecayed veg known as peat 4. Fens- same as bogs but fed by groundwater |
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Streams/rivers |
- Where precipitation exceeds evaporation and surplus water drains from land - Riffles-water runs rapidly over a rocky substrate--collect silt/organic matter |
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Biodiversity |
Variety of living things |
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Phylogenetic Species Concept |
- Identifies genetic similarity in determining species |
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Evolutionary Species Concept |
- Defines species by history and common ancestors |
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Benefits of Biodiversity |
1. Provides food/medicine 2. Aids ecosystem diversity 3. Aesthetic and existence values |
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Extinction |
- 99% of all species that have ever existed are now extinct - Cretaceous period--dinsaurs/50% died off - Permian period- 95% of species died off |
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What threatens biodiversity? |
- HIPPO (EO Wilson) - Habitat destruction/Invasive species/Pollution/Population of humans/Overharvesting - Habitat destruction is main threat |
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1. Habitat Destruction (HIPPO) |
- Conversion of forests/grasslands to farms is best example - Forests cover 1/2 area they once did - Habitat fragmentation--reduction into small/isolated patches |
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Minimum Viable Population |
- Habitat fragmentation -Point at which species are too small to survive
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Island Biogeography |
- Understanding of fragmentation - Small islands farther from mainland have less terrestrial species than those larger/closer to it - Small island species much more vulnerable to extinction |
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2. Invasive Species (HIPPO) |
- Thrive in new areas because no predator, diseases, resource limitations - Past 30 years--50,000 non-native species est in US - Ex: 1. Eurasion milfoil 2. Water hyacinth 3. Emerald ash borer 4. Carp species 5. Zebra mussels |
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3. Pollution (HIPPO) |
- Pesticides and fish-eating birds - Animals high in food chain - Chlorinated Hydrocarbons--arctic seal deaths - Lead poisoning |
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4. Population Growth (HIPPO) |
- Pop has doubled in last 40 years - Wildlife pop declined by more than 1/3 bc of human growth |
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5. Overharvesting (HIPPO) |
- Taking more individuals than reproduction an replace - American passenger pigeon - American bison - African bushmeat trade - Predator/pest control |
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Biodiversity Protection |
1. Hunting/fishing laws: -wildlife regulations/refuges 2. Endangered Species Act -defends species/helps protect habitat - Endangered/threatened/vulnerable species - US=1372 endangered species/17741 worldwide 3. Recovery plans - Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) tasked for this 4. Landowner collaboration - 2/3 of listed species on private land 5. Species protection laws - Convention on International Trade/Endg Species (CITIES)--white rhino 6. Habitat protection may be better than species protection--J. Michael Scott--gap analysis (unprotected landscapes rich in species) |
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Types of Species |
1. Keystone - Major effects if eliminated - Prairie dogs/bison 2. Indicator - Reliably found in certain conditions - Brook trout 3. Umbrella - Req large amount of undist hab to survive - Northern spotted owl/tiger/gray wolf 4. Flagship - Garner emotional attraction/reaction - Giant panda |
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Food security |
- Ability to obtain sufficient/healthy food on daily basis - Sparse even in US - Americans consume more energy/protein than needed |
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Famines |
- Have political/social roots - Large-scale food shortages - Land grabs in Africa and Asia - China's 1960 famines |
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How much food do we need? |
- UN FAO-3 billion food deficient - Malnourishment- nutritional im balances/kwashiorkor (protein def in children) - Vit A/folic acid/iodine defic widespread
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Overeating |
- 1 billion more overweight than underweight today (first time in history) - In both rich and poor countries |
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More prod isnt better |
- Food distrib main issue - Global food waste=30% of food production |
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Biofeuls |
- Have boosted commodity prices |
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Farmland |
- 11% of earth's land used for agricultural production |
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What do Americans eat? |
- Corn and soy make up 85% of commodity crops |
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Meat |
- Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) - Animals housed/fed for rapid growth |
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Soil |
Mixture of : 1. Sand and gravel 2. Silts and clays 3. Dead organic material 4. Soil fauna and flora 5. Water 6. Air - Deep black soils--rich in decayed organic material/nutrients - Soil fauna determine soil fertility! |
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Topsoil |
- A horizon aka - Uppermost layers of soil - Most fauna found here
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Subsoil |
- B horizon - Below most organic activity - More clays than layer A |
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Layering of Soil |
1. Organic-decomposing 2. Topsoil- orgnaic matter/roots 3. Eluviated- humic acids 4. Subsoil- clays
- Food mostly from A horizon! |
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Water |
Leading cause of soil loss - Different types of erosion |
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Sheet Erosion |
- Removes thin layer of soil as water moves across flat sheet |
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Rill Erosion |
- Water cuts small channels in soil |
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Gully Erosion |
- Rill erosion forms channels too big to take out by cultivation
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Streambank Erosion |
- Soil washes away from stream banks |
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Soil Loss |
Due to: 1. Water 2. Wind |
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Agricultural Inputs |
1. High yields need irrigation - waterlogging- kills palnt roots - Salinzation- salts accum on soil after irrig water dissolves 2. Fertilizers boost production 3. Modern Ag runs on oil |
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Green Revolution |
- Dev high responders--crops that increase w fertilizers/irrig/pesticides |
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Benefits of Green Revolution |
1. Yields have increased 2. High efficiency 3. Dev of pesticides 4. Low labor costs |
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Problems of Green Revolution |
1. Dependence on pesticides 2. Chems have uninten consequences 3. Hard for poor farmers to make living 4. Nitrogen ferts increase greenhouse gases |
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Organic Production |
- Mixed strats - Crop rotation for fertility - Mixed cropping to reduce pest risk - More sustainable - Can't produce on industrial-level scale |
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Genetically Mod Crops |
- Borrowed genes inserted into DNA to prod/tolerate organ substances - Increased yields/expansion into unfarmed lands - Expensive/growth hormones/malnutrition |
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Pesticides |
Oranophosphates: -most widely used (Glyphosate) - Weeds/pests nervous systems
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons: - aka organochlorines - Atrazine
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Pesticide Treadmill |
Weeds/pests develop immunities--need new pesticides--more applications for its use |
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How have we managed to feed billions? |
1. Green Revolution increased yields 2. Genetic engineering--GMOs engineered for pestic production/pestic tolerance |
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Sustainable Farming Strategies |
- Sustainable Ag (regenerative farming)- reduce/repair damages from destructive practices
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Soil Conservation |
- Sustainable farming strategy via: 1. Contour plowing=plowing across hill rather than up and down 2. Strip-farming= planting different crops in altern strips in tandem with contour plowing 3. Terracing= shaping land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil Gr |
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Groundcover |
- Sustainable farming strategy - Leave crop residues on land after harvest-easiest way to protect from soil erosion |
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Low-Input Sustainable Ag |
- Community-Supported Agriculture- lower production costs but net profit gain |
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Farmers Markets |
- Best way to eat locally |
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Disease |
Abnormal change in body's condition that impairs functioning |
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Mobidity |
-Illness - Diet, infectious agents, toxins, trauma, stress - Morality=death |
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Environmental Health |
- Focuses on factors that cause disease - Leading causes of disease burden: 1. Heart disease 2. Depression 3. Traffic accidents 4. Stroke 5. Chronic lung disease |
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Disability-Adjusted Life Years |
- aka DALYs - Measure of disease burden - Combine pre-mature deaths and loss of healthy life-style resulting from illness or disability |
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Infectious Diseases |
- Communicable diseases cause 1/3 of all disease-related morality - Pathogens-- disease-causing organisms - Greatest loss of life from 1 disease in single year=influenze pandemic in 1918 (between 50 and 100 million deaths) |
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Emergent Diseases |
- Those not previously known or have been absent for at least 20 years - Ebol and Marburg fevers - HTLV - West Nile virus - HIV/AIDS--largest death toll due to an emergent disease |
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Conservation Medicine |
Studies how environmental changes affect our health and that of natural communities we depend on |
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Resistance to Antibiotics and Pesticides |
- Increasing - MRSA--staph infection--resilient to anti-biotics - Natural selection key |
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Toxic |
- Poisonous - Toxicology= study of adverse effects of external factors on an organism or system - Both organic and inorganic (toxicants) |
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How do toxins affect us? |
- Allergens/antigens - Sick building syndrome= illness caused by poorly vented indoor air contamin by molds and etc.. - Neurotoxins= toxins that attack nerve cells - Mutagens= alter genetic material - Teratogens= alter embryonic growth (FAS) - Carcinorgens= cause cancer |
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Endocrine Hormone Disrupters |
- DDT/BPA/PCBs-- interfere with growth/'environmental estrogen and androgens) - Interfere with regulation just as much |
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When and Where Chemicals Move |
- Determined by solubility and mobility - 2 types of toxins: 1. Those that dissolve in water 2. Those that dissolve in oil - Oil soluble need carrier |
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How we respond to toxins |
- Exposure and susceptibility determine - Concentration/rate/duration/time also affect |
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Chemical Concentrations |
- Increased by: 1. Bioaccumulation=cell selective absorption of molcules, can let in bad stuff 2. Biomagnification=toxins at lower trophic level accumulated by predator at higher level |
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POPs |
Persistent Organic Pollutants - Widespread - Reach tropics to arctic - Reach toxic concentrations in top predators (like humans) - BPA/PBDEs/PFOs/Phthalates/Atrazine |
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Chemical Interactions |
Can increase toxicity - Antagonistic= interfere/stimulate other chems - Additive= occur together in exposures - Synergism= one substance exacerbates effects of another (combined effects magnified) |
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Mechanisms for Minimizing Toxic Effects |
1. Metabolic degradation and excretion 2. Repair mechanisms (mend damage) |
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Basic Principle of Toxicology |
"The dose makes the poison"- Paracelsus |
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LD50 |
- Measuring toxicity - Determine dose to which 50% of test population dies |
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Acute Effects |
- Caused by single exposure to threat and results in immediate health crisis |
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Chronic Effects |
- Long-lasting/permanent effects |
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Hormesis |
- non-linear effects of low-dose exposure - Low radiation can stimulate DNA repair |
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Risk |
probability of harm x probability of exposure |
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Threshold of Risk of Death |
1 in 100,000 for most |
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Risk Management |
- Combines principles of environ health/toxicology with regulatory decisions based on socioeconomic, technical. political |
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High-Risk Problems to Human Welfare |
- Habitat alteration - Species extinction- loss of diversity - Strat ozone depletion - Global climate change |
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Medium-Level Risk Problems |
- Herbicides/pestics - Toxins in surface water - Acid deposition - Airborne toxins |
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Low-Risk Problems |
- Oil spills - Groundwater pollution - Radionuclides - Thermal pollution |
