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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Types of Mistakes |
1.Mistaken Similarity 2. Misjudged Probability 3.Rationalizing small events |
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Mistaken Similarity |
similarity to a previous situation makes people think a new situation is the same |
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Misjudged Probability |
1. Estimate rare events are more likely than they are 2. People estimate common events are less likely than they are |
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Rationalizing Small Events |
Explain away small events as normal or insignificant |
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Three Classification of Error |
1.Taxonomy 2.Action/Inaction Dichotomy 3.Intention |
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Sequence of a taxonomy for human malfunction |
Causes of human malfunction--Mechanisms of human malfunction (performance shaping factor&situation factors)--Internal human malfunction(personal task)---External mode of malfunction(personal task) CMIE |
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Errors of commission |
Acting incorrectly (performing a step not in a procedure) |
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Errors of omission |
Not acting when you should (Missing a step in a procedure) |
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Slips |
Skill based error Unintentional commission Automatic and subconscious |
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Lapses |
Skill based error unintentional omission |
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What kinds of skill based errors does it have (2)? |
Lapses and slips |
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What kind of knowledge and rule based errors does it have |
Mistakes and violation |
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Skill based (unintentional or intentional) |
unintentional |
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knowledge and rule based (unintentional or intentional) |
intentional |
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Mistakes |
Intentional inappropriate goals or intentions put into action |
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Ways to counteracting human error |
1.Minimize use of modes 2. Make errors obvious 3. Make sure different objects look different |
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Design using forcing functions |
ex. not starting engine unless seat belt is fastened |
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Interlock |
forces actions to occur in a desired sequence |
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Lock-in |
Keeps operation active, prevents accidental termination (文件处于保存状态以防突然崩溃 |
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Lock-out |
Prevents an unsafe event from occurring |
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Why is automation a human factor issue? |
Because humans have to manage it in it's operating state\when it has failed.. |
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Reasons to automate |
Dangerous and impossible tasks Challenging tasks and poor performance Unpleasant task lower cost |
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Yerkes-Dodson Law |
relationship between arousal and performance (performance vs. arousal) 要会画图请看lecture10第17-18页 |
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Workload of automation |
doesn't reduce workload, it changes workload |
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Problems with automation |
1.Automation reliability 2.calibration of trust and self-confidence 3. Overtrust and complacency 4. Workload and situation awareness 5. Training and certification |
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Hick-Hyman Law |
A graph of reaction time(RT) vs. Number of alternatives (N) RT = a + b(log2(n)) b = additional processing time a = sum of processing latencies When RT vs. Log2(N), the function is linear |
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Colocation principle |
putting the control and display in the same location |
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Congruence principle |
spatial array of controls is congruent with the spatial array of objects being controlled |
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Movement compatibility |
movement of the control should correspond to the movement in the display (show an increase if moving the control up) |
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Speed-accuracy trade-off |
rapid actions are more likely to induce errors |
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Fitts's Law |
Movement time = a + blog2(2A/W) A = movement amplitude W = target width index of difficulty: ID = log2(2A/W) Big and close targets are acquired faster than small and distant Design applications: big icons, infinite width |
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traits of low fidelity prototypes |
-Fewer details -fast and cheap -supports iterations |
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traits of high fidelity prototypes |
-lots of detail -more expensive -look and act like the product |
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Horizontal prototyping |
-wide range of features Breadth |
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Vertical prototyping |
-Small subset of features (Depth) |
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Prototyping methods |
-Sketches -Storyboards -Paper prototypes |
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Shannon-Fano Principle |
the most efficient code will be generated when the length o the physical msg is proportional to the information content -low information msg is usually short -high information msg is usualy long |
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Zipf's Law |
Words that occur frequently are short and ones that occur rarely are long |
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Data collection methods |
-Direct observations -Think aloud protocol and questions |
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Number of users for usability testing |
best 6 users (5-8 desirable) |