Human Evolution - Terms

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Hominins

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Species belonging to our lineage
Homo species
begins following the divergance with pan ( chimps)

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Evolution

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Change in frequency of a gene or trait over generations

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Anthropology

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Cultural - learned traditions, study of human society
Physical/ Biological - relates to evolution as a species
Archeology - material culture
Linguistics - study of language & origins

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Biological Anthropology

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- Primatalogy ( living/not living primates)
-Paleoanthropology ( study of fossils )
-Bioarcheology ( human remains)
-Forensic Anthropology ( humans remain in legal context)
- Molecular Anthropology ( genetics)
- Osteology ( Skeletal)
- Human Biology

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Sympleplesmorphy

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Shared primitive trait
from shared ancestry
also known as homologies

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Synapomorphy

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Share derived trait
e.g bipedalism
from shared ancestry
known as homologies

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Autapomorphy

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Unique derived trait specific to one taxon

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Artifical Selection

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Humans seletively pick members of a species to reproduce
e.g certain animal breeders, cows for milk

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Natural Selection

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Environment mould each generations traits/characteristics
Acquisition of traits enable an organisms to survive and reproduce in an environment
- increases frequency of these traits in offspring/future generations
- solely based on reproductive success
''Survival of the fittest''
fitness a measure of reproductive success and survival

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How Can Natural Selection Occur?

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- must be variation between individual ( mutations) that other other organisms of the population.
- trait must be inherited over generations
environment must cause differentiated survival before reproduction

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Adaptive Radiation

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increase in number and diversity of species in each lineage
- produces even more species, that can live in a variety of environments/habitats.

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Peformationism

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There is a tiny form of a fully formed individual in the mothers womb
- replaced by the epigensist concept

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Epigenesist Concept

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organisms develops from fertilised eggs within the mother's womb

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Mutation

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produces initial variation
so factors in causing evolution
errors in DNA replication
can be benficial to the organisms survival.
mutations in gametes can be inherited.

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Gene Flow

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Is the exchange of genetics material between populations
creates new genotypes and phenotypes to populations
- may aid in better survivability or not
Migration with reproduction

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Genetic Drift

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random changes in gene frequencies
strongest in smaller populations
can cause introduction of alleles ( fixation) or dissapearance in a population
Random - not directional

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4 forces of Evolution

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Mutation
Gene Flow
Genetic Drift
Natural Selection

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Adaptation

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evolved phenotype trait that increases an organisms reproductive success
traits that have evolved via natural selection
trait has evolved for a purpose IT IS CURRENTLY serving

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Adaptationism

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All aspects of an organism have been moulded by natural selection

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Sexual Selection

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Differential reproductive success among the same sex in a species

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Sexual Dimorphism

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Phenotypic differences between males and females

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Bateman's Principle

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Limiting Sex - low variance, low potential ( output of offspring by one sex)

Non Limiting Sex - high variance, high potential

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Quadrupedalism

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Generally arms and legs are approximately equal length

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Microevolution

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small scale evolution
changes in allele frequency ( due to 4 factors of evolution), gene pools within species
- from one generation to the next

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Macroevolution

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Large scale evolution
speciation events - introduces new species
over many generations
Grand Scale
- adaptive radidation
- co- evolution

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Anagensis

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One species evolves into another over time
e.g homo habilis to erectus.

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Species

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Lowest taxonomy Ranks
e.g Sapien

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X linked Disorders

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mutations on X chomosome
skips a generation
only males afflicted
females are carriers produce hemophiliac sons

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Hemophilia

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Absence of clotting factor.

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Skin Color

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Thermoregulation of body temp
Melanin levels determine resistance to UV exposure
Protects from chemical/physical damage
Made up of keratin (95%)