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137 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cardiovascular Risk Factors
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High Serum Cholesterol
High Blood Pressure Physical Inactivity Smoking Obesity Stress Age |
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Cardiovascular:
oxigenated |
Arteries- thick, high bp, aorta
Arterioles- thin, regulate flow AWAY FROM HEART |
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Cardiovascular:
deoxygenated |
Venules- thin
veins- thick, low bp, vena cava BACK TO HEART |
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Cardiovascular:
Capilaries |
deoxygenated and oxygenated blood
thinnest gas exchange branching |
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one way valves rely on...
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muscle contraction
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how does oxygen flow through the body?
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right atrium > tricuspid valve >
right ventricle > pulmonary valve > lungs > pulmonary circulation> oxygenation** > left atrium > bicuspid (mitral) valve > left ventricle > aortic (semilunar) valve > body > systematic circulation > cappilaries > deoxygenation** > right atrium (etc..) |
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systole?
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blood pressure at contration
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Diastole?
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blood pressure between heart beats
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what is your blood pressure if you have hypertension?
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more than 170/ more than 90
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what is normal blood pressure?
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140 (or below) / 90 (or below)
Systolic / diastolic |
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what is a blood pressure meter called?
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a sphygmomanometer
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when are men at high risk for hypertension?
women? |
men=
high risk before the age of fiftyfive women= GREATER risk after the age of fiftyfive |
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who's at risk for high blood pressure?
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30% of people over sixtyfive
higher risk in african americans mostly in the morning |
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what are causes of high blood pressure?
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morning time
limited exercise smoking genetics arteriosclorosis |
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BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS:
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diuretics
blood vessel dilators beta blockers |
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BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS:
diuretics? |
most common
eliminate excess fluid and salts |
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BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS:
blood vessel dilators? |
Adrenergic Inhibitors
ACE inhibitors Ca antagonists |
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BLOOD PRESSURE MEDICATIONS:
beta blockers? |
slow the heart beat
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what are some age related changes for blood pressure?
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blood vessel changes= atherosclerosis
decrease in diameter (plaque) decrease in elasticity high cholesterol diet, saturated and trans fats |
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why do blood vessels clog?
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oxidized fat deposits in artery
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NUMBERS:
cholersterol |
higher than, or equal to 200= BAD
less than 200 = desirable |
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NUMBERS:
tryglicerides |
higher than/ equal to 200= HIGH
150- 199 = borderline lower than 150= desirable |
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HDL = High Density Lipoprotein
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“good” (to liver)
> 35 mg/dl DESIRABLE |
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LDL = Low Density Lipoprotein
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“bad” (away from liver)
< 100 mg/dl DESIRABLE |
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what are saturated fats?
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animal fats
solids |
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what are unsaturated fats?
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plant fats
liquids |
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what is hydrogenation?
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increases a food's "shelf life"
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atherosclerosis
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hardening of arteries & calcification
high fat diet physical inactivity smoking alcohol low HDL High LDL, cholesterol, triglycerides plaques of lipid, smooth muscle diet modification MUST be pre-fifty |
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Ischemic heart disease
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12% of women and 20% of men by 65
decreased blood flow decreased 02 delivery to cardiac muscle cardiac muscle death |
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Ischemic heart disease:
thrombus? |
blood clot on plaque
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Ischemic heart disease:
embolus? |
mobile blood clot
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CAD TREATMENTS:
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body's self correction
balloon angeoplasty clot buster drugs stents coronary bypass |
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most common stds?
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HPV
trichonmiasis chlamydia ghonerea herpes syphalis |
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chlamydia
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barcteria behaving as viruses
may infect eyes, respritory system leading cause of infertility pelvic inflamation leading cause of pink eye and pnemonia |
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syphilis
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early detection in homosexual men
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ghonorrhea
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women are asymptomatic
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primary bone concern?
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brittleness with aging
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blood cell formation cite?
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bone marrow
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osteoclasts/ osteoblasts?
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osteoclasts- resorption, rebuilding
osteoblasts- building, ossification |
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osteoporosis
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"porous bone"
increased resorbtion rate decrease in estrogen decrease in osteoblast function |
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osteoporosis prevention
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milk
exercise CA tablets |
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osteoporosis treatment
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estrogen replacement therapy
human growth hormone exercise nutrition hip replacement |
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arthritis
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inflammation of joints...
osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis gouty arthritis |
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osteoarthritis
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wear and tear
Degeneration of articular cartilage Bony spur formation Lower limbs, vertebral fusion |
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rheumatoid arthritis
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inflammation...
Autoimmune- inflammation of synovial membrane Genetic- most common in post menopausal women Small joints- hands, feet, wrists, ankles, elbows NSAIDS Surgery |
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gouty arthritis
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genetics/ diet
Chronic Uric acid precipitation Big Toe, wrist, elbow, knee high fat diet excess alcohol |
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central nervous system
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brain/ spinal cord
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peripheral nervous system
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12 pairs Cranial Nerves
31 pairs Spinal Nerves |
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cellular composition
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Neurons-transmit nerve impulses
Dendrite-receiving Axon-conduction Synapse- gap; neurotransmitter |
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alzheimers
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decreased short term memory
confusion seizures/ speech loss decreased spatial disorientation decreased emotional spontanity |
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parkinson's disease
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Anxiety, depression
Muscle rigidity, tremors Shuffling, monotone, drool, watery eyes low dopamine levels |
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strokes
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reduced blood flow to brain
neuron deaths men more than women black more than white must control blood pressure |
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cancer
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uncontrolled cell division
mitosis |
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carcinoma-
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skin cancer
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leukemia/ lymphoma
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blood cells
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sarcoma
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connective tissue cancer
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neuroblastoma
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primarily in children
nervous system cancer |
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CARCINOGEN
MUTAGEN TUMOR METASTIS |
cancer causing agent
agent that alters DNA swelling spreading |
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risk factors causing cancer
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Diet
Infection Tobacco Sunlight Occupation gene mutation |
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most common cancers?
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lung
large intestine breast testicular bladder |
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lung cancer
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600% increase in women
slow development not readily detected metastasis possible |
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colon cancer risk factors
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Age
Diet Polyps Heredity Ulcerative Colitis |
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colon cancer detection
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check stools for blood
sigmoidoscopy colonoscopy xrays |
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breast cancer risk factors
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Age (35+)
Diet/Weight Heredity (BRCA-1,2) Education/Income Early/Long Menses No/Late 1st Pregnancy |
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breast cancer detection
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mamogram
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breast cancer treatment
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Lumpectomy
Mastectomy Radiation Tamoxifen (anti-estrogen) Herceptin-MAb |
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prostate cancer
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increase african americans
problems with urination |
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pancreatic cancer
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risks: Age (> 60 yrs)
Diabetes Smoking Heredity no effective treatment |
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Leukemia-
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single cells in blood
acute/chronic lymphocytic/myelogenous |
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Vaccinations:
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Smallpox
Rabies Typhoid Cholera Plague Diphtheria Pertussis Tetanus Tuberculosis Influenza Yellow fever Poliomyelitis Measles Mumps Rubella Anthrax Meningitis Pneumonia Adenovirus Hepatitis B Hib Encephalitis Hepatitis A Varicella Lyme disease Rotavirus |
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Smallpox
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royal experiment
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pasture vs kochs
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LOOK UP
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VIRUS vS VACCINE CELLS
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B cells = plasma cells- make Ab
humoral immunity Th cell, CTL- help, kill cell mediated immunity |
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WHOLE ORGANISM VACCINES:
INACTIVATED |
killed
multiple boosters no reversion |
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WHOLE ORGANISM VACCINES:
ATTENUATED |
live
single booster chickenpox |
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CLINICAL TRIALS IN HUMANS:
3 phases |
Phase I - primarily examines the safety of a drug on up to 100 “healthy” human volunteers
Time: 1 year Phase II - testing the drug for efficacy in 100 to 300 patient volunteers Time: 2 years Phase III - testing the drug in approx. 1000 to 3000 patient volunteers Time: 3 years FDA REPORT |
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small molecule drugs
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oral
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biological
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injection/ IV
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what does facs stand for?
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facs stands for: Flourecent activated cell sorter
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Leeuwenhoek
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father of microbiology
wee beastie 1st microscope made in 1600s |
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mendel
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introduced inheritance
worked with pea plants [genetics] |
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1st genetic disease in
CAUCASIONS AFRICAN AMERICANS |
CYSTIC FIBROSIS
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA [CARRIERS ARE IMMUNE TO MALERIA] |
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CYSTIC FIBROSIS
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MUCUS BUILDS UP IN LUNGS AND BLOCKS AIRWAYS
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DARWIN-
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presented idea of evolution
galapogus island- finches, diff in beaks PHYLOGENETIC TREE |
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HUXLEY-
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darwin’s bulldog
promoted darwin's ideas |
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ROBERT KOCH
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found chlorae and tuburculosis
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Koch's postulates are:
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The organism must be found in all animals suffering from the disease, but not in healthy animals. The organism must be isolated from a diseased animal and grown in pure culture The cultured organism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy animal. The organism must be reisolated from the experimentally infected animal.
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PASTEUR
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created vaccine for rabies
created germ theory of disease >> that all diseases are caused by a microrganism |
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EDWARD JENNER
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CREATED SMALL POX [COW POX] VACCINE
VACCA= COW |
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WATSON AND
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CO-DISCOVERED THE STRUCTURE OF DNA
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GENOME=
PROTEOME= NSF= NIH= HHMI= |
GENOME= ALL GENES
PROTEOME= ALL PROTIENS NSF= NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION NIH= NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HEALTH HHMI= HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE |
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ULCERS?
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STOMACHE WALL BREAKS/ BLEEDS
DUE TO STRESS/ ANXIETY |
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PROKARYOTIC
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no cell neucleous
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eukaryotic
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complex cells with a nucleus
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complex cells [eukaryotes]
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multicellularity >
tissues > organs/ systems > animals |
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simple cells [prokarotes]
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elements
molecules |
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biochemical elements [chnops]
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basic parts found in all cell types
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-ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
-GOLGI APPARATUS -RIBOSOMES -LYSOSOME -CENTRIOLES -CYTOSKELETON -CILIA FLAGELLA |
-ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM = MEMBRANE PRODUCTIVITY
-GOLGI APPARATUS= PROTIEN PROCESSING -RIBOSOMES= PROTIEN PRODUCTION -LYSOSOME= STOMACH -CENTRIOLES= MITOSIS -CYTOSKELETON= FRAME WORK -CILIA FLAGELLA= MOTILITY |
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MITOCHONDRIA=
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"POWER PLANTS" ATP PRODUCTION [ADENSONINE TRIPHOSPHATE]
ENERGY AND MOTABOLISM MATERNAL INHERITANCE |
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VIRUSES
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not cells
need cells to replicate [obligate parasite] |
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VIRAL DISEASES
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-progeria= premature aging
-down syndrome= copies of 21st chromosome amenocentesis -cri du chat syndrome severe retardation deletion of 5th chromosome malformed larynx |
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karyotype=
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standardized map of chromosome pairs
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CHROMOSOMES CONTAIN GENES
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genotype= individual's genes
alleles= alternate form of same genes phenotype= physical appearence E= dominant EE, Ee = unattatched earlobe e= recessive ee= attathed earlobe |
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genes=
dna= base pairs= |
genes= made of dna
dna= made of nucleotide momoers base pairs= adenine and thymine guanine and cytosine |
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CYSTIC FIBROSIS
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most common lethal genetic disease for caucations
1/20 carriers 1/2500 afflicted mucus in lungs that blocks airways |
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sex linked:
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sex linked:
color blindness hemophilia |
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sex influenced:
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sex influenced:
patterend baldness 1 allele men 2 allele women |
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sickle cell anemia
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1 nucleotide change
1 amino acid change |
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polygenic traits-
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skin color [6 genes]
eye color [6 genes] height [20 genes] |
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polygenic diseases-
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diabetes
schizophrenia hypertension |
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# of chromosomes
nucleotide pairs total genes proteins |
60 chromosomes-
23 nucleotide pairs- 3 billion total genes 25, 000? proteins 100,000 |
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replication
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helIX UNWOUND EACH STRAND COPIED
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DNA repair enzymes
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correct 99% of errors repair MUST precede replication
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gene cloning
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1- isolate plasmid DNA & human DNA
2- cut both w/ same restriction enzyme 3- mix DNAs [by base pairing] 4- introduce DNA to bacterial cells w/ mutation |
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gene therapy
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1- bone marrow cells removed
2- bone marrow cells enriched to isolate parent cells of immune system 3- cells infected with virus 4- cells take up gene 5- cells returned to body 6- immune system builds resistance cystic fibrosis & sickle cell anemia |
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microbes, germs, and pathogens include...
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viruses- a cellular
bacteria - prokaryotic fungi- eukaryotic parasites- eukaryotic enzymes collagenases- gangrene |
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toxins
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enterotoxin- food poisioning
teatnus toxin- lock jaw endotoxin- samonella [live bacteria] |
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bacteria
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most successful organism
most harmless not visable treated with antibiotics tuburculosis [white plague 1.7 billion deaths] lymes disease [deer tick] diareal [chlorea, typhoid, dysentery] |
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bacteria formation
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cell wall
nucleoid morphology spirals, rods, cocci |
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viruses
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obligate intercellular parasites
RNA- AIDS, mumps, maleria, influenza DNA- herpes simplex, hepatitis B, chicken pox prevent via vaccinations |
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virus life cycle
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1) absorbtion
2)reverse transcription 3,4) vDNA integrations 5) vRNA production 6,7) virus release |
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HAV-
HBV- HCV- |
HAV- vaccine
acute jaundice [yellow skin] HBV- vaccine 5% chronic cancer HCV- no vaccine 50% chronic treat with ifn |
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Viral Diseases????
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epstein barr- mono
varicella zoster - chicken pox herpes simplex 1 - oral herpes simplex 2 - genital cytomegalvirus- rabies |
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rabies-
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rhabdovirus
transmitted via saliva > brain induces biting foaming insanity |
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rhinoviruses-
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common cold
temp sensitive- 32 degrees 95% infection rate 75% become ill |
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Influenza-
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constant mutations
new vaccine per yr avian bird flu 160 infected 80 dead |
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fungi-
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yeast, mold, mushrooms
multicellular eukaryotic ringworm, yeast infection, athletes foot, jock itch |
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parasites/ protozoa
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eukaryotic unicellular
cysts amoebic dysentary malaria via mosquito |
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protien infections
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bovine spongiform- mad cows disease
doesnt go away when cooked creutzfeld jacobs disease- deteriates brain 107 deaths in britian |
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organelles-
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"little organs"
eukaryotic |
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cell wall=
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penicillin target
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what is flow cytometry
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the process of counting and examining cells
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CHRONIC
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RE-OCCURING
LYMES DISEASE, CANCER, HEART DISEASE |
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ACUTE
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short lived
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ORPHAN
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RARE
RIFT VALLEY DISEASE |
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3 basic parts to all cells
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plasma membrane
cytoplasm nucleus |
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xeroderma pigmentation
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caused by mutation in DNA repair gene
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