Human Development & Behavior

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Developmental psychology

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study the changes in behavior from conception to death.

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Maturation of an individual

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Based on age

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What is Learning related to?

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Experience

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Interactionism

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the development of the individual w/ endogenous and environmental factors

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Key Issues in developmental psychology
Critical Periods

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Critical Period for a specific experience have it's greatest impact:
Freud's psychosexual development, Ericksons psychosocial development

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Key Issues in developmental psychology
Mechanistic Views vs Organismic perspective

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Learning is related primarily to external factors (social learning & behavioral theory) vs
learning is related to internal factors (Piaget and Kohlberg's cognitive development)

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Nature vs Nurture

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ongoing debate

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Human development at it pertains to Social Work practice

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When assessing problems the therapist should always take into account:
Age of child
Gender

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Age: developmental issues/problems are more likely to occur

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Stuttering a problem after age 5
stealing is common during ages 5-8
Children often do not know why
Bed wetting after 3 1/2 not normal
explain funerals at all ages
3-6 separation means parent doesn't love them
5-7 more aware of conflicts and other possible reasons, still tend to believe they helped cause fights

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Gender

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girls: act out sexually, eating disorders, and act out by staying out late.
boys: ADHD & conduct disorder, more aggressive when young, run away from home, enuresis and encopresis.

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Stages of Development
birth to 2 months

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notice faces and bright objects

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Stages of Development
2 months

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social smile develops, follow moving objects w/ eyes, pays attention to speaking voice, grunts, sighs

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Stages of Development
4 months

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recognizes familiar objects; can activate arms and vocalizes socially, enjoys having people around, holds rattle for extended period of time, recognizes bottle and familiar faces.

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Stages of Development
5 months

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grasps objects independently, stretches out arms when picked up

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Stages of Development
6 months

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teething begins, recognizes strangers but does not show fear, turns over from back to stomach

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Stages of Development
7 Months

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make polysyllabic vowel sounds sites briefly, an transfer objects from 1 hand to another

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Stages of Development
8 months

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sits alone easily, recognizes stranger and reacts negatively if feels unprotected. This is when stranger anxiety can first develop.

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Stages of Development
9 months

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sits alone and creeps
dada mama baba
responds to name

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Stages of Development
10 months

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pays attention plays some games, stands w/ support

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Stages of Development
11 months

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stands by self w/ support

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Stages of Development
12 months

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walks w/ help, shows affection, jealousy, anger and other emotions, enjoy some solid foods. Walk by 1, talk by 2
1st words to express are usually nouns (baba and Mama)

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Stages of Development
15 months

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walks well alone, generally expected to start walking at fourteen months, names familiar pictures and objects

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Stages of Development
18 months

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walks and can run. knows several words and small phrases

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Stages of Development
2 years

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Does not like to share possessions, great sense of everything is mine and not yours, able to run, says at least 50 words, use 2-word sentences points to objects in book.

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Stages of Development
6 years

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lose temporary teeth and permanent teeth being to come in, good coordination and adequate speech, knows colors and numbers as well, begin reading

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Stages of Development
10 - 12 years

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ability to abstract think and understand many abstract processes.

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Stranger Anxiety

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fear or apprehension of a very young child when around Unfamiliar people
(8 months)

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Separation Anxiety

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fear experienced when a child fears the loss of a primary caregiver. will usually decrease as child gets older.

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Psychosocial Development: Erickson
8 Stages

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Oral/Sensory
Muscular Anal
Locomotor-genital
Latency
Adolescence
Early adulthood
Middle adulthood
Maturity

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Oral/Sensory

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0-18 months
Conflict: Trust vs Mistrust
Outcome: trust and optimism

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Muscular Anal

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18ms - 3 yrs
Conflict: Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt
Outcome: self-assertion, self-control, and feelings of adequacy

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Locomotor-genital

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3yrs - 6yrs
Conflict: Initiative vs Guilt
Outcome: sense of initiative, purpose, and direction

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Latency

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6-12 yrs
conflict: industry vs Inferiority
Outcome: productivity and competence in physical intellectual and social skills.

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Adolescence

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12 - 18 yrs
Conflict: Ego Identity vs Role confusion
Outcome: integrated image of oneself and a unique person

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EArly Adult hood

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19-40 yrs
Conflict: Intimacy vs Isolation
Outcome: ability to form close personal relationships and make career commitments

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Middle Adulthood

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40 - 65 yrs
Conflict: Generativity vs Stagnation
Outcome: concern for future generations

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Maturity

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65 to death
Conflict: integrity vs despair
Outcome: sense life satisfaction and to face death w/out fear

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Robert Peck: expanded on Erickson's stages of Integrity vs Despair

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Ego-differentiation vs Work Role Preoccupation
Body Transcendence vs Body preoccupation
Ego Transcendence vs Ego Preoccupation

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Moral Development: Kohlberg

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Each stage arises from the one before it and is more complex. To measure moral development Kohlberg presented subjects w/ a series of moral dilemmas and asked them to evaluate them.

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Kohlberg's Moral stages

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Preconventional Morality
Conventional MOrality
PostConventional Morality

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Preconventional Morality

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Ages 4-10
Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience Orientation, moral judgeship w/ the desire to avoid punishment
Stage 2: Instrumental-Relativism Orientation motivation is to satisfy own needs

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Conventional Morality

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Ages 10 - 13
Stage 3: Wants to avoid disapproval "Good Girl - Nice Boy"
Stage 4: Law and order orientation, moral judgments are made in fear of perceived legitimate authority

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PostConventional Morality

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Adolescent into Adulthood
Stage 5: Ligalisitc Orientation, individual is concerned w/ fitting in the community and abiding societal mores.
Stage 6: Gains a sense of what it means to believe in a universal ethical principle orientation, where an individual's conscience determines the criterion for conduct.
It is important to know that many individuals do NOT reach last stage.

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Locus of Control

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it is most often associated w/ Perceived Responsibility
a concept that defines where individuals feel control over their behavior, or where the responsibility lies. This responsibility lies with themselves (internal) or outside themselves and is influenced by external environmental and system events.

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Cognitive Development: Piaget

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individual growth follows a predetermined sequence of stages. Development occur es through the use of: Adaption, assimilation, accommodation, equilibration.

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Adaption

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finding and establishing a "goodness of fit"

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Assimilation

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the act of incorporating one's environment into the existing environment. Example: Immigrants adopt values and culture of new society; adds new knowledge into existing knowledge_

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Accommodation

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modify current thought structure to deal w/ new features of an environment: Example. and individual might modify what they believe to make it easier to deal w/ another individual, group or society. Modify to survive.

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Equilibration

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state of balance, an individual seeks. This need for balance is the Primary Organizing Force behind cognitive growth and development.

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Piagetian Theory of Cognitive Development

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Set stages of cognitive development that cannot be skipped. Research has found a great variation in what ages people reach these stages, however these stages correlate will w/ intelligence testing.

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Sensorimotor

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ages 0-2; 6 sub-stages, individual look to environment in terms of sensory information and the actions that can be performed (sucking, grasping, hitting) **Achieve object permanence

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Preoperational Thought

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ages 2-7 two substages:
Preconceptual (2-4)
Intuitive (4-7)
Individuals engage in symbolic play and interpretation (use of language and modeling)
*Achieve Irreversibility: 2 beakers filled w/ water, kid finally realizes that both beakers filled w/ same amount of water. Children considered egocentric/egocentrism before the age of 6.

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Concrete Operational

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ages 7-11
Individuals can understand abstract symbols. Here the child is realistic in his/her way of thinking
* Achieve Conservation (mass, liquid, volume and weight)

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Formal Operations

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develops egocentrism and is able to self-admire and self-criticize. Full abstract and logical deduction ability is reached. Abstract thinking or thinking about thinking becomes possible
* Only 1/2 of all adults achieve this stage.

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Divorce Rate

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50% of all marriages will end in divorce and the 2nd marriage divorce rate is higher.

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Family Status and Emotional Well-being

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physical and mental health of those who divorce is lower than the health of those in other marital status groups. Psychological well being:Married, widowed, divorced and then separated. Similar pattern for grief reaction.

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Emotional Adjustment in Adults to divorce

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Generally easier for the initiator, but difficult for both partners. Mid-life divorce hard for women: loss of place, $, standard of living,loss of self-image, and fear of finding a new mate.

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Emotional Adjustment in Adults to divorce

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Friendships and support networks change and adjustment problems may result.

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Children re: divorce

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Male tend to have more difficulty adjusting. "time Lost" or spending less time w/ parent is difficult.Difficulty w/ conflicting loyalties. Emotional status is crucial in the adaption.

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Children re: divorce

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many cannot talk about what's bothering them. some have to talk about it. Do NOT avoid discussion.

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Preschool children and divorce

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May exhibit separation anxiety and some regression. Fear of abandonment. Mentally these kids are not cognitively ready to understand abstract concepts. Boys - more aggressive behavior

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School aged children and Divorce

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Show pervasive sadness intense strain and immobilization. For older kids, strongest feature is directed anger. Anger directed toward the perceived responsible parent. Older children adjust better than younger.

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Why older kids adjust better than younger kids to divorce

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peer support, outside interests outside of family, numerous support systems.

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Coping strategies for client and Divorce

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Allow yourself to experience the stages and feelings that come w/ grieving. Increase social supports and talking w/ others to help relieve stress. Identify your weaknesses and build on strengths. Monitor you stress level and address ways of relieving the stressors. When you need help - ASK.

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3 major events that attracted attention to the elderly

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Implementation of the Social Security Act.
Development of a scientific basis foe study.
Population trends and shifts involving the elderly.

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3 Reasons for these changes

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Large proportion of the population will be reaching old age.
# of births in relation to the number of deaths
We are becoming more adjusted to people living longer

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Normal vs abnormal aging
mental abilities

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Do not equate getting old w/ the loss of mental abilities

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Vision Impairments

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Lens of the eye becomes less elastic because of the accumulation of fibers. Problems w/ night driving. More glaucoma and cataracts. Many times elderly will not share problems w/ SW'er

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Hearing Loss

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WATCH out for for background noise that is generally low frequency.
deny hearing loss and feel taken advantage of. Hearing aids are difficult: higher frequency sounds are more difficult to hear and lower become more pronounced.

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Mental Health Problems: elderly

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Generally do not seek treatment
Always get a physical done before counseling. Get detailed medical and medication history.

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Depression

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50% of elderly suffer from some sort of depression.
Treatment: learn to control the frequency of depressive thoughts and body acitons.

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Elderly: sexual changes
Men

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less spontaneous erections and more time and effort are required to get aroused generally require direct stimulation. Lose erections more easily and the ability to ejaculate more than one in a sexually encounter.

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Sexual Changes: Elderly
women

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Less lubricating fluid in the vaginal. Vaginal walls become thinner and less elastic. Stimulation of the clitoris bring on a slower reactions time w/ decreased intensity of the climatic response.

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Sexual changes: Elderly
Both

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relationship remains very important to women and sex and performance remains very important to men.

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Retirement

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Many individuals gain their status ot identity through work. Decrease in financial assets, Resistance ot change. many focus on negatives. Assist w/ financial counseling. know resources that are or are not available to them. Need to develop "pre-retirement counseling services.