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215 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of digestion?
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To hydrolyze
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What does it mean to hydrolyze?
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To break down using water
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What is ingestion?
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When the mouth takes in food
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What are the two kinds of digestion?
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Mechanical (Physical) and chemical
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What's mechanical/physical digestion?
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Cutting up food into smaller pieces.
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What are the three eliments of chemical digestion?
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Movement
Absorption Elimination |
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How does food move through the GI tract?
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peristalsis
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What is peristalsis?
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Wave-like contractions that move substances down a "tube".
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What is the term for removal of waste through the anus?
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Defecation
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What is the lumen?
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The empty area of hollow organs.
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What is mucosa?
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The inner layer of the wall of the GI tract
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What do the cells in the mucosa layer produce?
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Mucus
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What's the purpose of mucus?
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To protect all the layers of the GI tract from the digestive enzymes in the lumen.
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What is Diverticulosis?
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A condition where the mucosa invades the other layers of the GI tract and forms pockets where food collects.
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What is submucosa?
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Second layer of the GI tract wall.
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What type of tissue is the submucosa made of?
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Loose connective tissue with blood and lymphatic vessels.
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What is the purpose of the vessels in the submucosa?
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to carry all of the absorbed nutrients to the rest of the body.
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What is the name for the third layer of the GI tract wall?
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muscularis
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How many layers and what type of tissue are in the muscluaris?
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2 layers of smooth muscle
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What do the two layers of muscularis tissue account for?
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Peristalsis
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What is the serosa?
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The outer layer of the GI tract
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What is the appendix?
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A worm-ish end of the large intestine
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What is peritonitis?
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Life threatening swelling and infection of the peritoneum caused by a ruptered appendix
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What is the peritoneum?
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The internal lining of the abnominal cavity
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What are the digestive tract organs?
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Mouth
Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small Intestine Large Intestine Rectum Anus |
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What are the accessory organs to the digestive tract?
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Salivary glands
Liver Gallbladder Pancreas |
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What do the Salivary Glands do?
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Secrete saliva containing digestive enzymes for carbohydrates
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What does the mouth do?
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Teeth chew food, tongue tastes food and pushes food for chewing and swallowing
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What is the pharynx?
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Passageway where food is swallowed
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What is the esophagus?
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Passageway where peristalsis pushes food to stomach
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What does the liver do?
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Processes and stores nutrients, produces bile for emulsification of fats
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What does the stomach do?
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Secretes acid and digestive enzyme for protein. Churns, mixing food with secretions and sends chyme to small intestine
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What does the gallbladder do?
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Stores bile from liver then sends it to the small intestine
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What does the pancreas do?
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produces pancreatic juice that contains digestice enzymes. Then sends it to the small intestine. Produces insulin and seceretes into blood after eating.
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What does the small intestine do?
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mixes chyme with digestive enzymes for final breakdown. Absorbs nutrient molecules into body, secretes digestive hormones into blood.
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What does the large intestine do?
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Absorbs water and salt to form feces
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What does the rectum do?
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Stores and regulates the elimination of feces.
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What are the two parts of the roof of the mouth?
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Hard and soft palate
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Which palate is closer to the front?
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Hard
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How many pairs of salivary glands does a person have?
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3
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What do salivary glands secrete?
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Saliva
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What enzyme is in saliva?
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Salivary amylase
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Saliva: chemical or physical/mechanical digestion?
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chemical
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What's tooth decay called?
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Tooth caries or cavities
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What's periodentitis?
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Loosening of teeth
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What's a chewed mass of food called?
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A bolus
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What two passages does the pharynx open up to?
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Air and food passageways
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What are sphincters?
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Muscles that encircle tubes and act as valves
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When does heartburn occur?
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When the esophageal sphincter fails to open and let food into the stomach; or stays open and let's food back into the esophagus.
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How does one vomit?
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strong contractions of the abdominal muscles and diaphragm force the the contents out of the stomach.
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Where does food from the esophagus go?
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Stomach
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What does the oblique layer of the stomach allow?
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The stomach to stretch and mechanically break down food into smaller fragments
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What do the gastric pits in the mucosa of the stomach lead to?
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Gastric glands
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What do gastric glands secrete?
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Gastric juice
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What's in gastric juice?
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Pepsin, hydrochloric acid, mucus
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What does pepsin do?
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Digests protein, makes stomach acidic with a pH of 2
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What is chyme?
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Partially digested food.
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Chyme leaves stomach to go where?
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Small intestine
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How long is the small intestine?
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6m (18ft)
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What long is the large intestine?
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1.5m (4.5ft)
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Stomach: Chemical or physical/mechanical digestion?
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Physical/mechanical
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Where does the small intestine recieve its enzymes from?
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Pancreas
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Where does the enzymes from the pancreas enter the small intestine?
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Duodenum
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What is the duodenum?
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first 25cm of small intestine
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What is bile?
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Secretion from liver and gallbladder
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What does bile do?
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Emulsifies fat
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Bile: Chemical or physical/mechanical digestion?
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Physical
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Where is lipase?
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Pancreatic juice
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What does lipase do?
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Hydrolyzes fat droplets to monoglycerides and fatty acids.
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Lipase: Chemical or physical/mechanical digestion?
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Chemical
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What are the finger-like projections in small intestine?
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Villi (Sing. villus)
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What are the purposes of villi?
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Increased surface area for nutrient absorbtion
Bear the intestinal enzymes Carry blood and lymphatic vessels |
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What is a lymphatic cappilary called?
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Lacteal
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What does pancreatic amylase do?
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Digests fat
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What does trypsin do?
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Digests proteins
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What does pancreatic lipase do?
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Digests fat
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What is a hormone?
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A protein or steroid produced by one cell that affects another
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What hormone does the pancreas produce?
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Insulin
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What is the largest gland in the body?
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Liver
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Where is the liver?
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Upper right of abdominal cavity
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How is urea made?
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Liver converts amino acids into glucose. as the glucose is made, the liver combines their amino group with carbon dioxide to make urea
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What is cholesterol converted to in liver?
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Bile salts
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where is the gallbladder?
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Just below the liver
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What is a gallstone?
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Hardened liquid stored in gallbladder
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What organ failure has sypmtoms like yellowing of eyes and skin?
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Jaundice
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What can jaundice be a result from?
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Hepatitis
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What is hepititis?
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Inflamation of the liver
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How is hepititis A contracted?
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Eating sewage contaminated food or water
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How is hepititis B contracted?
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Usually sexually, can also be spread by blood transfusions or contaminated needles.
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How is hepititis C contracted?
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Contact with infected blood.
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Which types of hepititis have vaccines?
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A and B. Not C :(
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What is cirrhosis?
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A chronic disease of the liver in which the organ becomes fatty and then the tissue is replaced with inactive scar tissue.
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What is CCK?
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Cholecystokinin
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What is secretin and CCK produced by?
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duodenal wall
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What is secretin stimulated by?
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Acid. Especially HC1 in Chyme
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What is CCK stimulated by?
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Partially digested proteins and fat
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What regulates gastric glands?
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Gastrin
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What are the four parts of the large intestine?
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Cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal
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What is the cecum?
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First portion of the large intestine where the small meets the large.
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What's the small projection of the cecum called?
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Veriform appendix
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What does veriform mean?
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worm-like
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What are the four sections of the colon?
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Acending
Transverse Descending Sigmoid |
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What is the rectum?
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The last 20cm of the large intesting
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What is the anus?
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Where defacation occurs
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What's defecation?
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Expulsion of feces
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True or False:
The large intestine produces digestive enzymes and absorbs nutrients. |
False
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True or false:
The large intestine forms feces |
True
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What is fiber?
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An indigestible material that absorbes water.
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What causes feces to look brown?
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Bilirubin and oxidized iron
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What is bilirubin?
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Bile pigment produced from the breakdown of Hb.
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What are the major causes of diarrhea?
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Infection in the lower intestinal tract and nervous stimulation
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What are the major causes of constipation?
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Lack of whole grain food in diet and ignoring the urge to defecate.
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What are hemorroids?
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enlarged and inflamed blood vessels at anus
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What are the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)?
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Ab. cramps, gas, constipation, urgent and explosive stools
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What are the two most common Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD)?
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Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease
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What are polyps?
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Small growths arising in epithelial lining
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What is obesity?
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Being grossly overweight
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What does BMI stand for?
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Body Mass Index
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How is obesity defined today?
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Having a BMI of 30 or greater.
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Define nutriet
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A required componant of food that performs a physiological function in the body
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What does it mean for food to have a high glycemic index?
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It quickly raises blood glucose
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Of the 20 different amino acids, how many are essential?
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8
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What are the 2 essential fatty acids?
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Linoleic acid
Linolenic acid |
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What 2 groups are minerals divided into?
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Major mineral and trace minerals
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_____Essential requirement of diet, needed in small amounts. Often part of a coenzyme
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Vitamin
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_____Fat-digesting enzyme secreted by pancreas
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Lipase
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_____Lymphatic vessel in an intestinal villus; It aids in the absorption of fats
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Lacteal
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_____Muscular tube for moving swallowed food from the pharynx to stomach
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Esophagus
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_____Organ attached to liver that serves to store concentrate bile
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Gallbladder
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Which step is out of order?
A. Mouth B. Pharynx C. Small intestine D. Stomach E. Large intestine |
c
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Which association is incorrect?
A. mouth - Starch digestion B. Esophagus - protein digestion C. small intestine - Starch, lipid, protein digestion D. Stomach - food storage E. Liver - production of bile |
B
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Why can't a person talk while swallowing?
A. To swallow the epiglottis must close off the trachea B. Brain can't control 2 things at once C. To speak, air must come through the larynx to form sounds D. Swallowing reflex is only initiated when mouth is closed E. BOth A and C are correct |
E
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What assosiation is incorrect?
A. Pancreas - Produces alkaline secretions and enzymes B. Salivary glands - Produces saliva and amylase C. Gallbladder - produces digestice enzymes D. Liver - produces bile |
C
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Peristalsis occurs
A. From mouth to small intestine B. From beginning of esophagus to anus C. Only in stomach D. Only in Small and Large intestines E. Only in esophagus and stomach |
B
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Bile
A. Is an important enzyme for the digestion of fats B. Cannot be stored C. Is made by the gallbladder D. Emulsifies fats E. All correct |
D
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Which of the following is NOT a fuction of the adult liver?
A. Produces bile B. Detoxifies alcohol C. Stores glucose D. Produces urea E. makes RBC |
E
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The large intestine
A. digests all types of food B. Is the longest intestinal tract C. Absorbs water D. Is connected to stomach E. Is subject to hepetitis |
C
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Removes nondigestible remains:
A. Mouth B. Esophagus C. Stomach D. Small intestine E. Large intestine |
E
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Serves as a passageway:
A. Mouth B. Esophagus C. Stomach D. Small intestine E. Large intestine |
B
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Stores food:
A. Mouth B. Esophagus C. Stomach D. Small intestine E. Large intestine |
C
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Absorbs nutrients:
A. Mouth B. Esophagus C. Stomach D. Small intestine E. Large intestine |
D
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Recieves food:
A. Mouth B. Esophagus C. Stomach D. Small intestine E. Large intestine |
A
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The amino acids that must be consumes in the diet are called essential. Nonessential amino acids
A. Can be reproduced by the body B. Are only needed occasionally C. Can be stored in body until needed D. Can only be found in the diet; the body can't synthesize these amino acids |
D
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Stimulates gallbladder to release bile:
A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. CCK D. All correct E. None correct |
A,B
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Hormone carried in bloodstream:
A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. CCK D. All correct E. None correct |
D
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Stimulates stomach to digest protein:
A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. CCK D. All correct E. None correct |
E
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Enzyme that digests food:
A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. CCK D. All correct E. None correct |
E
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Secreted by duodenum:
A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. CCK D. All correct E. None correct |
A,B
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Needed to produce thyroid hormone:
A. Calcium B. Vitamin K C. Sodium D. Iodine E. Vitamin A |
D
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Neede for night vision:
A. Calcium B. Vitamin K C. Sodium D. Iodine E. Vitamin A |
E
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Needed for bones, teeth, muscle contraction:
A. Calcium B. Vitamin K C. Sodium D. Iodine E. Vitamin A |
A
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Needed for nerve conduction, pH and H2O balances:
A. Calcium B. Vitamin K C. Sodium D. Iodine E. Vitamin A |
B
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What's inspiration?
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Breathing in
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What's expiration?
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Breathing out
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What's ventilation?
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Breathing in and out
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What are nares?
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Nostrils
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Where do the nares lead to?
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Nasal cavity
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How is air cleansed in the nasal cavities?
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Hair and mucous catch dust and particles
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What are the auditory tubes connected to?
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Middle ear and pharynx
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What's the pharynx?
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Passageway that connest nasal and oral cavities to larynx
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What's at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx that protects against inhaled foreign antigens?
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Tonsils
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What's the epiglottis?
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Flap that covers the glottis while swallowing
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What is the larynx?
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Passageway for air between Pharynx and trachea
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Why is the larynx call the voice box?
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Contains vocal cords
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What are vocal cords?
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Mucosal folds supported by elastic ligaments
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What is the slit between the vocal cords called?
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Glottis
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How do vocal cords produce sound?
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Air passes through glottis causing vocal cords to vibrate
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What connects the larynx to the primal bronchi?
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Trachea
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What reinforces the connective tissue and smooth muscle and prevents the trachea from collapsing?
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C shaped cartilaginous rings
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What does the trachea divide into?
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A right and left bronchi
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How big are bronchioles?
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1mm in diameter
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What are alveoli?
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Air sacs at ends of bronchioles
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What cavity is the lungs in?
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Thoracic
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What is the membrane around the lungs called?
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Pleura
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What lines the alveoli?
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Surfactant
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What happens to the rib cage during inspiration?
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Moves up and oout
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What happens to the rib cage during expiration?
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Moves down and in
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When does the diaphram contract?
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Inspiration
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What's a relaxed amount of air called?
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Tidal volume
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How much is tidal volume?
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500mL
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What's the max amount of air during one ventilation called?
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Vital capacity
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How much is vital capacity?
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4800mL
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What's the max inspiration?
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2900mL
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What's the max expiration?
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1400mL
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What's the residual volume?
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1000mL
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What's the total air capacity of the lungs?
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5800mL
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Where is the respiratory control center?
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Medulla oblongatta
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What are chemoreceptors?
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Sensory receptors that are sensitive to blood pH
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What happens when blood becomes more acidic?
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Breathe faster
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What makes blood more acidic?
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Holding your breath or breathing slowing causes a build up of H+
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What does external respiration refer to?
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Gas ecxhange between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
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What is most CO2 carried as in plasma?
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Bicorbonate ions
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What does carbonic anhydrase do?
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Speed breakdown of carbonic acid in RBC
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What does internal respiration refer to?
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Gas exchange between blood in systemic system and tissues
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_____Common passageway for both food and air movement located between mouth and esophagus.
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Pharynx
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_____Chemical in lungs that reduces the surface tension of water to keep alveoli from collapsing.
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Surfactant
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_____Form in which most CO2 is transported in bloodstream
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Bicarbonate ion
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_____Fold of tissue across glottis within larynx; creates vocal sounds when it vibrates
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Vocal cords
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_____Stage during breathing when air is pushed out of lungs
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Expiration
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Which of these is anatomically incorrect?
A. The nose has two nasal canals B. The pharynx connects the nasal and oral cavities C. The larynx contains vocal cords D. The trachea enters the lungs E. THe lungs contain many alveoli |
D
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How is inhaled air modified before it reaches the lungs?
A. Humidified B. Warmed C. Filtered D. All correct |
D
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What's the name of the structure that prevents food from entering the trachea?
A. Glottis B. Septum C. Epiglottis D. Adam's apple |
C
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Branched tubes that lead from bronchi to alveoli:
A. Pharynx B. Glottis C. Larynx D. Trachea E. Bronchi F. Bronchioles |
F
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Reinforced tube that connects larynx with bronchioles:
A. Pharynx B. Glottis C. Larynx D. Trachea E. Bronchi F. Bronchioles |
D
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Chamber behind oral cavity and between nasal cavity and larynx:
A. Pharynx B. Glottis C. Larynx D. Trachea E. Bronchi F. Bronchioles |
A
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Opening in larynx:
A. Pharynx B. Glottis C. Larynx D. Trachea E. Bronchi F. Bronchioles |
B
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Division of trachea that enters the lungs:
A. Pharynx B. Glottis C. Larynx D. Trachea E. Bronchi F. Bronchioles |
E
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Which of these is incorrect about inpiration?
A. Rib cage moves up and out B. Diaphram contracts and moves down C. Pressure in lungs decreases and air rushes in D. The lungs expand because air rushes in |
D
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Air enter the lungs because:
A. Atmosphere pressure is lower than pressure in lungs B. Atmosphere pressure is higher than pressure in lungs C. Although the pressures are the same inside and outside, the partial pressure of O2 is lower in lungs D. The residual air in lungs causes partial pressure of O2 to be lower outside |
B
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The max volume of air moved in a single ventilation:
A. Expiritory and inspiratory reserve volume B. Residual volume C. Tidal volume D. Vital capacity E. Functional residual capacity |
D
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If air enters plural space:
A. A lobe of lung can collapse B. Lung could swell and burst C. Diaphram with contract D. Nothing will happen |
A
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The enzyme carbonic anhydrase
A. Causes blood to be more basic in tissure B. Speeds up conversion of carbonic acid to CO2 and then reverse C. Actively transports CO2 out of capillaries D. Is active only in high altitudes E. All correct |
B
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In humans, the respiratory center
A. is stimulated by CO2 B. Is located at medulla oblongata C. Controls rate of breathing D. All correct |
D
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Hb assists transport of gases by
A. Combining with O2 B. Combining with CO2 C. Combining with H+ D. Being present in RBC E. All correct |
E
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Which of the following is NOT true of obstructive pulmonary disorders?
A. Air doesn't flow freely in airways B. Vital capacity is reduced due to loss of lung elasticity C. Disorders may include chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma D. Ventilation takes longer to occur |
B
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