Human Anatomy Test 1

Front 1

microscopic anatomy

Back 1

-considers structures that cannot be seen without magnification
-limited by: light/electron microscope

Front 2

cytology

Back 2

analyzes the internal structure of cells (smallest unit of life)

Front 3

histology

Back 3

study of tissues

Front 4

gross anatomy

Back 4

-macroscopic anatomy
-study of structures visible to the unaided eye

Front 5

surface anatomy

Back 5

refers to the general form, or morphology, and superficial anatomical markings

Front 6

regional anatomy

Back 6

considers all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep

Front 7

systemic anatomy

Back 7

the study of anatomy one organ system at a time

Front 8

developmental anatomy

Back 8

examines structural changes over time

Front 9

embryology

Back 9

study of the first two months of development

Front 10

comparative anatomy

Back 10

considers different types of animals

Front 11

clinical anatomy

Back 11

focuses on pathological changes during illness

Front 12

surgical anatomy

Back 12

studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures

Front 13

radiographic anatomy

Back 13

involves the study of anatomical structures as they are visualized by x-rays, ultrasound scans, or other specialized procedures performed on an intact body

Front 14

chemical/molecular

Back 14

-12+ elements in the body
4 of them make up 99% of the body: hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen

Front 15

cells

Back 15

smallest living unit in the body

Front 16

tissues

Back 16

many cells and some surrounding material

Front 17

organs

Back 17

-combination of tissues
-combine to form organ systems
-human is composed of 11 organ systems

Front 18

responsiveness (irritability)

Back 18

a change activity based upon a stimulus

Front 19

adaptability

Back 19

long-term responsiveness

Front 20

growth

Back 20

the increase in size of an organism

Front 21

differentiation

Back 21

becoming specialized to perform particular functions

Front 22

reproduction

Back 22

production of new generations of the same organism

Front 23

movement

Back 23

ability to change the position of something

Front 24

metabolism

Back 24

-all of the chemical reactions in the body
-anabolism: bonding of chemicals together
-catabolism: breaking of chemical bonds

Front 25

absorption

Back 25

process of bringing chemicals into the body

Front 26

respiration

Back 26

absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells

Front 27

excretion

Back 27

removal of wastes

Front 28

digestion

Back 28

processes of catabolism that makes nutrients small enough to be absorbed

Front 29

integumentary system

Back 29

protection from environmental; hazards temperature control

Front 30

skeletal system

Back 30

support, protection of soft tissues, mineral storage, blood formation

Front 31

muscular system

Back 31

locomotion, support, heat production

Front 32

nervous system

Back 32

directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

Front 33

endocrine system

Back 33

directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

Front 34

cardiovascular system

Back 34

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

Front 35

lymphoid system

Back 35

defense against infection and disease

Front 36

respiratory

Back 36

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

Front 37

digestive system

Back 37

processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

Front 38

urinary system

Back 38

elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products, control of pH

Front 39

reproductive system

Back 39

production of sex cells and hormones

Front 40

superficial anatomy

Back 40

anatomical landmarks and correct directional terms help in understanding the underlying structures

Front 41

anatomical

Back 41

position is standing upright, arms at sides, palms facing forward (little fingers by the thigh) feet flat on the floor, face straight ahead

Front 42

supine

Back 42

lying down with the face up

Front 43

prone

Back 43

lying down with the face down

Front 44

cephalon

Back 44

areas of head

Front 45

cervicis

Back 45

area of neck

Front 46

thoracis

Back 46

the chest

Front 47

brachium

Back 47

the segment of the upper limb closest to the trunk; the arm

Front 48

antebrachium

Back 48

the forearm

Front 49

carpus

Back 49

the wrist

Front 50

manus

Back 50

the hand

Front 51

abdomen

Back 51

the abdomen

Front 52

pelvis

Back 52

the pelvis

Front 53

pubis

Back 53

the anterior pelvis

Front 54

inguen

Back 54

the groin (crease between thigh and trunk)

Front 55

lumbus

Back 55

the lower back

Front 56

gluteus

Back 56

the buttock

Front 57

femur

Back 57

the thigh

Front 58

patella

Back 58

the kneecap

Front 59

crus

Back 59

the leg, from knee to ankle

Front 60

sura

Back 60

the calf

Front 61

tarsus

Back 61

the ankle

Front 62

pes

Back 62

the foot

Front 63

planta

Back 63

plantar region of foot

Front 64

anterior

Back 64

the front; before

Front 65

ventral

Back 65

the belly side (anterior in humans)

Front 66

posterior

Back 66

the back; behind

Front 67

dorsal

Back 67

the back (posterior in humans)

Front 68

cranial

Back 68

toward the head

Front 69

cephalic

Back 69

same as cranial

Front 70

superior

Back 70

above, at a higher level, in human body, toward the head

Front 71

caudal

Back 71

toward the tail (cocryx in humans)

Front 72

inferior

Back 72

below, at a lower level, toward the feet

Front 73

medial

Back 73

toward the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)
-the medial surfaces of the thighs may be in contact

Front 74

lateral

Back 74

away from the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)
-the femur articulates with the lateral surface of the pelvis

Front 75

proximal

Back 75

toward an attached base
-the thigh is proximal to the foot

Front 76

distal

Back 76

away from an attached base
-the fingers are distal to the wrist

Front 77

superficial

Back 77

at, near, or relatively close to the body surface

Front 78

deep

Back 78

toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface

Front 79

sectional anatomy

Back 79

a way to illustrate relationships between parts of three-dimensional objects
the development of electronic imaging techniques allows us to see inside the living body without surgery
-planes and sections
-body cavities

Front 80

transverse

Back 80

(horizontally)
separates superior and inferior portions of the body; sections typically pass through head and trunk regions

Front 81

sagittal

Back 81

separates right and left portions

Front 82

midsagittal

Back 82

the plane passes through the midline, dividing the body in half and separating right and left sides

Front 83

parasagittal

Back 83

misses the midline, separating right and left portions of unequal size

Front 84

frontal or coronal

Back 84

separates anterior and posterior portions of the body, usually refers to passing through the skull

Front 85

ventral body cavity

Back 85

organs of the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems are housed in the ventral body cavity

Front 86

diaphragm

Back 86

separates the ventral body cavity

Front 87

serous membranes

Back 87

the ventral body cavity is protected and lubricated by a two later membrane system called...

Front 88

ventral body cavity (coelom)

Back 88

provides protection; allows organ movement, living prevents friction

Front 89

thoracic cavity

Back 89

surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm

Front 90

right pleural cavity

Back 90

surrounds the right lung

Front 91

mediastinum

Back 91

contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels

Front 92

pericardial cavity

Back 92

surrounds the heart

Front 93

left pleural cavity

Back 93

surrounds left lung

Front 94

abdominopelvic cavity

Back 94

contains the peritoneal cavity

Front 95

abdominal cavity

Back 95

contains many digestive glands and organs

Front 96

pelvic cavity

Back 96

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract

Front 97

sex cells

Back 97

(germ cells or reproductive cells) which are the sperm in males and oocyte in females

Front 98

somatic cells

Back 98

all of the other cells in the body that are not sex cells

Front 99

cytology

Back 99

study of cells
-most common methods of study: light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy

Front 100

plasmalemma

Back 100

composition: lipid bilayer, containing phospholipids, steroids, proteins, and carbohydrates
function: isolation, protection, sensitivity, support, control of entrance/exit of materials

four major functions of the cell membrane can be described: physical isolation, regulation of exchange with the environment, sensitivity, structural support

Front 101

cytosol

Back 101

composition: fluid component of cytoplasm, may contain inclusion of insoluble materials
functions: distributes materials by diffusion, stores glycogen, pigments, and other materials

Front 102

cytoskeleton

Back 102

composition: membrane extensions containing microfilament
function: increases surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials
-nonmembranous organelles
-microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, microtubules

Front 103

microvilli

Back 103

composition: membrane extensions containing microtubule doublets in a 9 + 2 array
function: movement of materials over cell surface

Front 104

centrosome

Back 104

composition: proteins organized in fine filaments or slender tubes
function: strength and support; movement of cellular structures and materials

Front 105

cilla

Back 105

composition: cytoplasm containing two centrioles, at right angles, each centriole is composed of nine microtubule triplets
function: essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division, organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton

Front 106

ribosomes

Back 106

function: protein synthesis

Front 107

mitochondria

Back 107

function: produce 95 percent of the ATP required by the cell

Front 108

nucleus

Back 108

control of metabolism, store and processing of genetic information, control of protein synthesis

Front 109

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 109

function: has ribosomes bound to membranes
modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins

Front 110

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 110

lacks attached ribosomes, lipid, steroid and carbohydrates synthesis, calcium ion storage

Front 111

golgi apparatus

Back 111

storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

Front 112

lysosome

Back 112

intracellular removal of damaged organelles or of pathogens

Front 113

peroxisome

Back 113

catabolism of fats and other organic compounds, neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process

Front 114

diffusion

Back 114

process:molecular movement of solutes; direction determined by relative concentrations
factors affecting rate: size of gradient, molecular size, charge, lipid protein solubility, temperature

Front 115

osmosis

Back 115

process: movement of water (solvent) molecules toward high solute concentrations, requires membrane
factors affecting rate: concentration gradient, opposing pressure

Front 116

facilitated diffusion

Back 116

process: carrier molecules transport materials down a concentration gradient; requires membrane

Front 117

active transport

Back 117

uses enzymes and carrier proteins
-carrier molecules work despite opposing concentration gradients
factors affecting rate: availability of carrier, substrate, ATP

Front 118

ion pumps

Back 118

are carrier proteins for charged particles

Front 119

exchange pump

Back 119

an ion pump that moves two ions simultaneously in opposite directions

Front 120

endocytosis

Back 120

process: formation of membranous vesicles (endosomes) containing fluid or solid material at the plasmalemma
factors affecting rate: stimulus and mechanism not understood; requires ATP

Front 121

exocytosis

Back 121

fusion of vesicles containing fluids and/or solids with the plasmalemma
factors affecting rate: stimulus and mechanism incompletely understood; requires ATP and calcium ions

Front 122

cytoplasm

Back 122

the general term for the material inside the cell
-fluid that is very high in protein

Front 123

cytosol

Back 123

intracellular fluid
-high in potassium ions
-contains an overall negative charge
-contains high concentrations of proteins

Front 124

organelles

Back 124

structures within the cytoplasm that have a particular function and very distinct structure

Front 125

centriole

Back 125

organizes microtubules in the spindle to move chromosomes during cell division

Front 126

cilium

Back 126

propels fluids or solids across cell surface

Front 127

flagellum

Back 127

propels sperm cells through fluid

Front 128

nonmembranous organelles

Back 128

-cytoskeleton (microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, microtubules)
-centrioles (move chromosomes)
-cilia (moves things across surface)
-flagella (propels sperm cells through fluid)
-ribosomes (60% RNA and 40% protein. free=float in cytoplasm. fixed=attached to the endoplasmic reticulum)

Front 129

membranous organelles

Back 129

-mitochondria (double membraned organelles. Cristae are the folds of the inner membrane, the inner fluid is the matrix, they produce ATP)
-nucleus (control center of the cell)
-chromosomes (DNA wrapped around proteins called histones.
-ER (four major functions- synthesis of all classes of macromolecules, storage of the manufactured molecules, transport of substances from one area of the cell to the other, enzymes in the lumen of the ER provide detoxification)
-golgi apparatus (3 main functions: synthesis and packaging of secretions, packaging of enzymes for use in the cytosol, renewal and modification of the cell plasemalemma)
-lysosomes (functions in three manners: fuse with phagosomes to digest solid materials, fuse with and recycle damaged organelles, sometimes rupture a process resulting in autolysis)
-peroxisomes (function as intracellular digestive vesicles: abundant in liver cells, digest fat and toxins, convert hydrogen peroxide to water)

Front 130

membrane flow

Back 130

the continual movement and recycling of the plasmalemma
-the ER, Golgi apparatus and vesicles constantly recycle the lipids, protein channels, and enzymes of the plasmalemma

Front 131

types of cell junctions

Back 131

-tight junctions
-communicating junctions
-anchoring junctions
-gap junction: connect heart cells

Front 132

mitosis

Back 132

the distribution process of genetic information
-prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 133

cell cycle

Back 133

khkh

Front 134

functions of epithelial tissue

Back 134

provide physical protection
control permeability
provide sensation
produce secretions

Front 135

simple

Back 135

only one layer of cells

Front 136

stratified

Back 136

several layers

Front 137

squamous

Back 137

thin flat cell

Front 138

cuboid

Back 138

height equal to their width

Front 139

transitional

Back 139

changes shape

Front 140

columnar

Back 140

height is usually 3 times their width