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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What cells are thin, flat, and scaly?
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Squamous
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What cells are roughly equal in length, width, and height?
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Cuboidal
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What cells are distinctly taller than they are wide?
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Columnar
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What cells are having irregularly angular shapes with four or more sides?
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Polygonal
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What cells are having multiple pointed processes, which give the cells a somewhat starlike shape?
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Stellate
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What cells are round to oval in shape?
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Spheroid to ovoid
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What cells are disc-shaped?
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Discoid
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What cells are spindle-shaped; elongated with a thick middle and tapered ends?
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Fusiform
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What cells are long, slender, and threadlike?
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Fibrous
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How wide are most human cells?
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10 to 15 micrometers
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What are the 2 reasons cell size is limited?
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If a cell were too large, molecules could not diffuse from place to place fast enough to support metabolism.
Cells size limited by the relationship between its volume and surface area. |
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How are time required to diffuse and distance traveled related? What happens if the cell size is doubled?
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The surface areas is proportional to the square of distance, so if cell size is doubled, the travel time for molecules within the cell is quadrupled.
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How are the surface area and volume related?
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The surface area is proportional to the square of its diameter, while the volume is proportional to the cube of its diameter, so volume increases much faster than surface area as diameter increases.
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What happens when cells become to large?
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There isn't enough surface area to absorb nutrients and to get rid of wastes.
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What major component of the cell forms the surface boundary of the cell?
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Plasma membrane
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What major component of the cell is material between the cell membrane and the nucleus?
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Cytoplasm
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What major component of the cell is a supportive framework of protein filaments and tubules?
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Cytoskeleton
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What major component of the cell refers to diverse structures that perform various functions?
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Organelles
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What major component of the cell includes stored cell products such as lipids and pigments and foreign bodies such as dust and bacteria?
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Inclusions
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What major component of the cell is a clear gel or fluid inside the cell?
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Cytosol
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What major component of the cell includes material within the nucleus?
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Nucleoplasm
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Phospholipids make up how much of the membrane lipid molecules?
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75%
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Within the phospholipids, two fatty acid tails are considered what?
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Hydrophobic
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Within the phospholipids, the phosphate-containing head is considered what?
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Hydrophilic
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What type of substances pass in and out of the cell through the phospholipid bilayer?
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Fat soluble substances
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What type of protein may pass all the way through the plasma membrane?
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Integral proteins
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What type of protein may simply adhere to the face of the membrane?
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Peripheral proteins
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What is the role of receptors?
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Some hormones and neurotransmitters bind to cells at these proteins to trigger physiological changes inside the cell.
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What is the role of enzymes?
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After chemical messages are received, some membrane proteins break down those messengers.
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What is the role of channel proteins?
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Water and solutes may pass through tunnels made of proteins to enter or leave the cell membrane.
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What is the role of cell identity markers?
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Some proteins function as genetic identification tags to allow the body to determine if cells belong to the body or are foreign.
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What is the role of cell adhesion molecules?
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Some proteins allow cells to stick to each other.
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What is the role of carriers?
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Some proteins actively bind to a substance on one side of the membrane and then release it on the other side.
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What is the role of membrane transport?
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To control the passage of materials into and out of the cell
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What is filtration?
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A process in which a physical pressure forces material through a membrane
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What is simple diffusion?
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The net movement of particles from a greater concentration to a lesser concentration
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What is osmosis?
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The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, from the side where water is more concentrated to where water is less concentrated.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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Movement of solute through a membrane, down its concentration gradient, with the aid of a carrier
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What is active transport?
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Carrier mediated transport of a solute through a membrane up its concentration gradient, with the expenditure of adenosine triphosphate
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What is vesicular transport?
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Movement of larger particles or droplets of fluid through the membrane in bubble-like vesicles.
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What is endocytosis?
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Movement of material into the cell
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What is exocytosis?
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Movement of material out of the cell
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What is the glycocalyx?
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A layer of carbohydrates on the glycoproteins and glycolipids of the plasma membrane forms a fuzzy, sugary coating
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What are the 3 functions of the glycocalyx?
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The coating cushions the plasma membrane and protects it from injury.
The coating functions in cell identity The coating contains cell-adhesion molecules that help bind tissues together |
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What are microvilli?
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Extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area
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What is cilia?
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hairlike processes that extend from cells
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What are the 2 types of cilia and what do they do?
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Motile cilia beat in waves that move materials along the outside surface of the cell
Non-motile cilia are not well-understood, but some are sensory |
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What is flagella?
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Long whiplike tails for movement of sperm cells
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What are intercellular junctions?
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Arrangements of proteins that link cells together and attach them to extracellular material
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What are the 3 types of intercellular junctions?
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Tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
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What are tight junctions?
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A zipper like junction between epithelial cells that limits the passage of substances between them
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What are desmosomes?
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A patchlike intercellular junction that mechanically links two cells together.
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What are gap junctions?
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A junction between two cells consisting of a pore surrounded by a ring of proteins in the plasma membrane in each cell
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What is the cytoskeleton and what does it do?
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System of filaments and tubules that provide physical support, allow cellular movement, and control routing of molecules and organelles to their destinations within the cell
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What is the nucleus?
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Round or oval shaped structure near the center of the cell containing DNA
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
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An extensive system of interconnected tubules or channels enclosed in a membrane
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What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
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Contains ribosomes and sythesizes proteins for export from the cell
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What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
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Involved in detoxification, steroid synthesids, and storage of calcium ions
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What are ribosomes?
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Granules composed of ribosomal RNA and enzymes that read sequences of messenger RNA to assemble sequences of amino acids to make proteins
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What is the golgi complex?
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Organelle that modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins and synthesizes carbohydrates
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What are lysosomes?
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Organelles that contain enzymes that are used to digest foreign matter, pathogens, and expired organelles
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What are peroxisomes?
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Organelles containing enzymes that detoxify drugs and break down fatty acids, producing hydrogen peroxide in the process
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What are mitochondria?
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Organelles specialized to synthesize ATP
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What are centrioles?
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Organelles composed of a short cylinders of microtubules, that are the origin of the mitotic spindles
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What are inclusions?
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Any visible object in the cytoplasm of a cell other than an organelle or cytoskeletal element, such as dust particle, lipid droplet, or pigment
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What is the cell cycle?
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The life cycle of a cell, extending from the time that a ell is produced by cell division until it produces daughter cells by cell division
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What is meiosis?
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The production of egg and sperm cells (haploid cells)
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What is mitosis?
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Produces identical cells for growth or replacement of damaged cells
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What are the 6 phases of mitosis?
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Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
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What is involved in interphase?
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Precedes replication activities, and it's the phase in which most cells remain for long periods time, this is the phase in which the DNA is replicated
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What is involved in prophase?
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The DNA chromosomes coil into short, dense rods called chromatids.
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What is involved in metaphase?
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The chromosomes line-up on the equator of the cell, spindle fibers from opposite poles attach to the chromatids
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What is involved in anaphase?
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The two sister chromatids separate and are pulled by the spindle fibers towards opposite poles
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What are the identical chromatids called after anaphase?
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Daughter chromosomes
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What is involved in telophase?
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The chromosomes are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope and the DNA uncoils to return to its dispersed form
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What is involved in cytokinesis?
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A crease, called a cleavage furrow, begins to form and eventually pinches one cell into two
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What is a cleavage furrow?
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The process in which a crease begins to form and eventually pinches one cell into two.
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