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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Without the lymphatic system, our ________ system would stop working and our _________ system would become impaired
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cardiovascular
immune |
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Two semi independent parts of the lymphatic system
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1) lymphatic vessels
2) lymphoid tissues and organs |
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__________ transport back to the blood any fluids that have escaped from the blood vascular system.
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lymphatic vessels
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__________ house phagocytic cells and lymphocytes
which play essential roles in the body’s defense mechanisms and its resistance to disease |
lymphoid organs
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The fluid that remains behind in the tissue spaces ----becomes part of the
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interstitial fluid
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The problem of circulatory dynamics is resolved by the ______________
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lymphatic vessels (aka lymphatics)
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an elaborate system of drainage vessels that collect the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it to the blood stream.
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lymphatics
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Once interstitial fluid enters the lymphatics (vessels), it is called ________
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lymph
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Lymphatic vessels form a one way system in which LYMPH only flows towards the ________
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heart
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Lymphatic capillaries are widespread but absent from the (4)
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the bones
teeth bone marrow the entire central nervous system |
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The central nervous system’s excess fluid all drains into the ____________
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cerebrospinal fluid
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Lymphatic capillaries, most important property
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permeable
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____________ forming the walls of lymphatic capillaries are not tightly joined instead the edges of adjacent cells overlap each other loosely, forming ________________
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Endothelial cells
easily opened, flaplike minivalves |
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______________ anchor the endothelial cells to surrounding structures so that any increase in ____________ volume opens the minivalves (rather than causing the lymphatic capillaries to collapse)
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Collagen filaments
interstitial fluid |
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When fluid pressure in the interstitial space is greater than the pressure in the lymphatic capillary, the minivalve flaps are _______
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open
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When the pressure is greater inside the capillary, the endothelial minivalve flaps are_______
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closed
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When minvalves of capillaries are closed, it is
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preventing lymph from leaking back out to the interstitial space, and it is instead pushed along the vessel
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Proteins in the interstitial space are unable to enter the ________ capillaries, but they enter ________ capillaries very easily
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blood
lymphatic |
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When tissues are_________, lymphatic capillaries develop openings that permit uptake of even larger particles such as __________, _________, __________
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inflammed
cell debris, pathogens, cancer cells |
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The lymphatics take the large debris a route towards the _________ to be monitored and cleansed of debris
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lymph nodes
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fatty lymph delivered to the blood via the lymphatic stream
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chyle
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flow route of lymph
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Capillaries
larger, thicker walled channels collecting vessels trunks ducts |
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Highly specialized lymphatic capillaries that play essential role in absorbing digested fats from the intestine
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lacteals
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Lacteals are present in _____
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villi of the intestinal mucosa
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Lacteals cause lymph draining from the digestive visea to be a _____ rather than clear because of its role in absorption of digested fats
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milky white
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Lymphatic vessels of the skin travel along the
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superficial veins
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Deep lymphatic vessels of the trunk and digestive viscera travel with the _______
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deep arteries
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The exact anatomical distribution of the ____________ varies greatly between individuals even more than it does for veins
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lymphatic vessels
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Formed by the union of the largest collective vessels
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lymphatic trunks
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These drain fairly large areas of the body
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lymphatic trunks
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Name the major trunks (5)
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1) lumbar trunk
2) bronchomediastinal trunk 3) subclavian trunk 4) jugular trunk 5) single intestinal trunk |
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Lymph is delivered to one of the two large ducts in the _______ region
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thoracic region
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drains lymph from the right upper arm and the right side of the head and thorax
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right lymphatic duct
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_______ receives lymph from the rest of the body
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(larger) thoracic duct
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enlarged sac that collects lymph from the two large LUMBAR trunks and from the INTESTINAL trunk
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cisterna chyli
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that drains the digestive organs
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INTESTINAL TRUNK
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that drain the lower limbs
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lumbar trunks (two large ones)
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cisterna chyli collects lymph from the ____ Trunks and the ______ trunk
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lumbar
intestinal |
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runs superiorly, receives lymphatic drainage from the left side of the thorax, left upper limb, and the head region.
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thoracic duct
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Thoraic duct receives lymphatic drainage from the _______, _______, _______
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left side of the thorax
left upper limb the head region |
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empties its lymph into the venous circulation at the junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein on its own side of the body.
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terminal duct
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Terminal duct empties its lymph into the venous circulation at the junction of ______ vein and ______ vein on its own side of the body
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subclavian vein
jugular vein |
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Lymphatic system lacks an organ that acts as a ____
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pump
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Under normal conditions lymphatic vessels are
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low-pressure conduits
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Lymphatics are usually bundled _____________________ along with blood vessels
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together in connective tissue sheaths
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_________ in the walls of the lymphatic trunks and thoracic duct contracts rhythmically helping to the pump the lymph along
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smooth muscle
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lymph transport is ____ and _____
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sporadic
slow |
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3 functions of the lymphatic vessels
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1)return excess fluid to the blood stream
2)return leaked proteins to the blood 3)carry absorbed fat from the intestine to the blood |
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Another name for phagocytes
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macrophages
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Infectious microorganisms that manage to penetrate the bodys epithelial barrier quickly invade
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the loose connective tissues
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Invaders are fought off by inflammatory response by ________ (macrophages) and ______
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phagocytes
lymphocytes |
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Lymophocytes arise in the _____ bone marrow
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red
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The two main varieties of immucompetetnt cells of the lymphocytes
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1) t cells
2) b cells |
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T cells role
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directly attack and destroy infected cells
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Produce plasma cells, daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood
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B cells
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immobilize antigens until they can be destroyed by phagocytes or other means
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antibodies
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are anything the body considers as foreign, such as bacteria and their toxins, viruses, mismatched RBCs, or cancer cells
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antigens
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help activiate t cells
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macrophages
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spiny looking cells that capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph nodes.
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dendritic cells
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fibroblast cells that produce reticular fiber stroma
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reticular cells
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What is the loose connective tissue that lymphoid tissue is largely composed of called
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reticular connective tissue
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Reticular connective tissue dominates all organs except the
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thymus
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_______ live on the fibers of the reticular network
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macrophages
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_______ live in the spaces of the reticular network
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lymphocytes
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This kind of lymphoid tissue lacks a capsule, found in every body organ, few scattered reticular tissue elements
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diffuse lymphatic tissue
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This kind of lymphoid tissue lacks a capsule but follicles are solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular elements and cells. Also has germinal centers
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lymphoid follicles (nodules)
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What type of cells predominate in germinal centers?
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follicular dendritic cells and
B cells |
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What causes germinal centers to enlarge?
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when B cells are dividing rapidly and producing plasma cells
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These lymphoid follicles (nodules) are forming the ___________
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larger lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes
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What is forming the larger lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes
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lymphoid follicles
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Isolated aggregations of lymphoid follicles occur in the intestinal wall as ________ and in the _________
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peyers patches
and in the appendix |
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Principle lymphoid organs in the body
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lymph nodes
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As lymph is transported back to the blood stream (flows towards the heart), _________ filter the lymph
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lymph nodes
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There are hundreds of these organs (________)
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lymph nodes
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Why are lymph nodes not easily seen?
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they are embedded in connective tissue
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Lymph nodes cluster along the _____________ of the body
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lymphatic vessels
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Large clusters of lymph nodes occur near the body surface in the _______ and _______ regions
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inguinal, axillary and cervical regions
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The places where the lymphatic collective vessels converge to form trunks
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inguinal,
axillary cervical regions |
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Function #2 of lymph nodes: They help activate the immune system by ___________ that are strategically located in the lymph nodes that monitor the lymphatic stream for the presence for antigens and mount an attack against them.
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lymphocytes
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Lymph nodes Function #1: They act as lymph filters by_________ in the nodes remove and destroy antigens
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macrophages (phagocytes)
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shape of lymph node
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bean shaped
less than 2.5 cm (1 inch) in length varies in shape and size |
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Each lymph node is surrounded by a ______________
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dense fibrous capsule
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Are connective tissue strands that extend inward to divide the node into a number of compartments
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trabeculae
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Internal framework of reticular fibers Supports the everchanging population of lymphocytes
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stroma
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Lymph nodes has two distinct regions _____ and _____
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cortex and medulla
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The __________ of the lymph node contains densely packed follicles many with germinal centers heavy with dividing B cells (B lymphocytes)
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superifical side of the cortex
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_______ nearly encapsulate follicles, the deeper part of the cortex, primarily houses T cells in transit
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Dendritic cells
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T cells (T lymphocytes) circulate continuously between the _________, lymph nodes, and the ______ performing their surveillance role
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blood
lymph nodes lymph |
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are thin inward extensions from the cortical lymphoid tissue, contain both types of lymphocytes plus plasma cells and they define the medulla
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medullary cords
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This contains lymphocytes and plasma cells
This contains only B cells |
medulla
cortex |
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Large lymph capillaries spanned by crisscrossing reticular fibers, throughout the lymph node
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lymph sinuses
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The lymph sinuses have _________ where macrophages lie on these reticular fibers and await for lymph to flow through to phagocytize foreign matter.
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reticular fibers
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Circulation in the lymph nodes
1) lymph enters the _______ side of the lymph node It enters through a number of _____________ 2) moves through a large baglike sinus _______________ 3) _________ 4) ___________ 5) moves through the sinuses and exits the node at its ________ through the _____________ vessels |
1) convex side of the lymph node through afferent lymphatic vessels
2) subscapular sinus 3) cortex 4) medulla 5) hillium through the efferent lymphatic vessels *out the concave side of the lymph node |
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Indented region on the concave side of the lymph node
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hilum
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There are fewer _______ vessels draining the node than _______ vessels
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fewer efferent vessels than afferent vessels
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Lymph passes through several _______ before it is completely cleansed
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lymph nodes
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When lymph nodes are overwhelemed by agents they are trying to destroy and large numbers of bacteria are trapped in the nodes, the nodes become ______
condition called |
inflammed, swollen, tender to touch
condition called swollen glands |
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Infected lymph nodes are called
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buboes
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_______ are the most obvious symtom of bubonic plague "black death" that killed much of europes populaiton in the late middle ages
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buboes
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These can become secondary cancer sites
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lymph nodes
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What distinguishes infected lymph nodes from cancerous lymph nodes?
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cancerous lymph nodes are swollen but not painful
infected lymph nodes are swollen and painful |
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Name lymphoid organs (6)
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1) lymph nodes
2) spleen 3) thymus 4) tonsils 5) peyers patches of the intestine 6) bits of lymphatic tissue scattered in conecctive tissue |
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All of the lymphoid organs are composed of _________ tissue except the thymus
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reticular connective tissue
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Which lymphoid organs filter the lymph
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lymph nodes
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All the lymphoid organs lack ________ lymphatics except the lymph nodes
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afferent lymphatics
instead they all have efferent lymphatics that draining them to the lymph nodes |
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Largest lymphoid organ
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spleen
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Where is the spleen located? (3)
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left side of the abdominal cavity
curls around the anterior aspect of to the stomach beneath the diaphragm |
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The spleen is served by the ________
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large splenic artery and vein
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This organ stores the breakdown products of red blood cells for later reuse
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spleen
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It is the site of erythrocyte production in the fetus ( a capability that normally ceases after birth)
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spleen
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this organ extracts aged and defective blood cells and platelets from the blood, it has blood cleansing functions
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spleen
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This organ It stores blood platelets
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spleen
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Is the spleen surrounded by a fibrous capsule?
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yes
(just like the lymph nodes are!) |
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Does the spleen have trabecule that extend inward and contain both lymphocytes and macrophages?
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yes
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This lymphoid organ,spleen, contains large numbers of _________
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erythrocytes
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areas composed mostly of lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers
______ pulp clusters or forms “cuffs” around the central arteries, small branches of the splenic artery, in the organ |
white pulp in the spleen
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small branches of the ________ in the organ and forms what appear to be islands in a sea
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white pulp
splenic artery |
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What kind of pulp is all remaining splenic tissue, the venous sinuses, and the splenic cords
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red pulp
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Red pulp is composed of (3)
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-splenic tissue
-venous sinuses -splenic cords |
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regions of reticular connective tissue exceptionally rich in macrophages, in red pulp
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splenic cords
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Red pulp is most concerned with?
White pulp is most concerned with? |
Red pulp is most concerned with disposing of worn out red blood cells and bloodborne pathogens
White pulp is involved with the immune functions of the spleen |
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What type of pulp in the spleen is areas composed mostly of lymphocytes suspended on reticular fibers
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white pulp
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Red Pulp = rich in macrophages
White pulp = rich in |
lymphocytes
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Why is white pulp sometimes appear darker?
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because of darkly staining nuclei of the densely packed lymphocytes
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A procedure that removes the spleen is called
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splenectomy
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The spleens capsule is very thin, a direct blow can cause what
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the spleen the repture and blood to pour into the peritoneal cavity
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If the spleen is removed the _____ and _______ take over most of its functions
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liver and bone marrow
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Where is the thymus found? (3)
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- inferior neck to the superior thorax
- overlies the heart -deep to the sternum |
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Thymus secretes what two hormones
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1) thymopoietin
2) thymosins |
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In newborns, _____ continues to increase in size during the first year when it is highly active.
After puperty it starts to _____ gradually and by old age is replaced by _______ |
thymus
atrophy, fibrous and fatty tissue |
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The "flowerets" of the thymus _________ each containing an outer cortex and inner medulla
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thymic lobules
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Most thymic cells are
(in thymus) |
lymphocytes
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Concentric whorls of keratinized epithelial cells, sites of T destruction
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thymic (Hassall's) corpuscles
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Thymus lacks B cells, it has no
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follicles
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Simplest lymphoid organs
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tonsils
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Forms a ring of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the _______, where they appear as swellings of the mucosa
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pharynx
tonsils |
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Paired, are located on either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity
They are the largest of the tonsils Ones that are the most infected |
Palatine tonsils
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Where are the palatine tonsils (largest tonsils) located?
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located on either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity
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The type of tonsil that is most infected
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palatine tonsil
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lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue (tonsil)
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lingual tonsil
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Type of tonsil that referred to as adenoids if enlarged
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phayngeal tonsil
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Where is the phayngeal tonsil located?
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posterior wall of the nasopharynx
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Phayngeal tonsil are called what when enlarged
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adenoids
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Type of tonsil that they gather and remove many of the pathogens entering the pharynx in food or in inhaled air
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tubal tonsils
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Where are tubal tonsils located?
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surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx
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Do tonsils have a dense fibrous capsule?
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no they are not fully encapsulated
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Tonsils are not fully encapsulated and the epithelium overlying them invaginates deep into their interior forming ____________
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blind ended tonsillar crypts
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Part of tonsils that traps bacteria and the bacteria works their way through the mucosal epithelium into the lymphoid tissue, where most are destroyed
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blind ended tonsillar crypts
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Blind ended tonsillar crypts works bacteria through the _________ into the lymphoid tissue (where bacteria is mostly destroyed)
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mucosal epithelium to the lymphoid tissue
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Are large isolated clusters of LYMPHOID FOLLICLES, located in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine
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peyers patches
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Where are peyers patches located?
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distal portion of the SMALL intestine
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Tubular offshoot of the first part of the large intestine
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APPENDIX
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1) to destroy bacteria (which are present in large numbers in the intestine)
2) prevents pathogens from breaching the intestinal wall 3) to generate many “memory” lymphocytes for long term immunity |
APPENDIX AND PEYERS PATCHES
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___________, __________, and _________ , ___________ are all located in the digestive tract
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peyers patches
appendix tonsils lymphoid follicles in the walls of the bronchi |
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Small collection of lymphoid tissue, protects passages that are open to the exterior from the never ending onslaughts of foreign matter entering them
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MALT
mucosa associated lymphatic tissue |
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MALT (mucosa associated lymphatic tissue) are in the
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mucosa of genitorurinary organs
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