Human Anatomy Exam 2 - Integumentary System

Front 1

What is the integumentary system made up of?

Back 1

-skin (Derma or cutaneous membrane)
-epidermis and dermis
-hypodermis
-hair and nails
-cutaneous glands

Front 2

What is the largest organ of the body?

Back 2

skin

Front 3

What percentage of body weight does the skin make up?

Back 3

15%

Front 4

The skin consists of a stratified squamous epithelium called the :

Back 4

epidermis

Front 5

The deeper connective tissue layer of the skin is called the:

Back 5

dermis

Front 6

The dermis rests on the subcutaneous layer or the:

Back 6

hypodermis

Front 7

The normal thickness of skin is :

Back 7

1-2 mm

Front 8

Where is "thin" skin found?

"thick" skin?

Back 8

Thin - eyelids (0.5mm)

Thick - palms and soles (6mm)

Front 9

On what skin is there no hair follicles or sebaceous glands?

Back 9

thick- the palms and soles

Front 10

The dead, cornified cells at the surface of the skin form a layer called the:

which is composed mainly of the protein:

Back 10

stratum comeum

keratin

Front 11

What are some characteristics of the epidermis?

Back 11

- no blood vessels
- sparse nerver endings
- has 5 zones/layers
- keratinized (stratum comeum)

Front 12

Except for the dead layer, most of the thickness of the epidermis is a layer called the:

composed mainly of cells called:

Back 12

stratum spinosum

keratinocytes

Front 13

How long does it take for a cell to migrate from the deepest zone of the epidermis to the surface?

Back 13

~30-40 days

Front 14

What is the deepest layer of the epidermis?

How many types of cells is it composed of?

Back 14

stratum basale

4

Front 15

What classification of cells is the stratum basale made up of? (2)

Back 15

single cubodial

columnar

Sits on basement membrane

Front 16

These are the cells in the stratum basale that divide rapidly:

when does mitosis mainly occur?

Back 16

stem cells

at night

Front 17

These are the cells in the stratum basale that produce a tough fibrous protein:

Back 17

keratinocytes

Front 18

These cells in the stratum basale produce a protective pigment:

Back 18

Melanocytes

Front 19

What is the purpose of keratinocytes?

Back 19

They waterproof and protect the skin from heat, microbes, abrasion and chemicals

Front 20

What is the purpose of melanocytes?

How is melanin passed down?

Back 20

Shade nuclei from UV rays

Melanin is phagocytized (eaten) by keratinocytes and passed to melanocytes

Front 21

What is the name for blackish/brown pigment?

Back 21

eumelanin

Front 22

What is the name for reddish-yellow pigment?

Back 22

pheomelanin

Front 23

These are the cells in the stratum basale that can sense touch:

What are they attached to?

Back 23

tactile (merkel) cells

attached to a nerve ending in the dermis

Front 24

This is the second deepest layer that is superficial to the stratum basale:

Back 24

stratum spinosum

Front 25

What type of cells are found in the stratum spinosum? (2)

Back 25

living keratinocytes (produce more keratin filaments as they ascend towards the surface, filament cause the cells to flatten)

Dendritic or Langerhans cells

Front 26

What are dendritic or Langerhans cells and where are they found?

Back 26

Modified macrophages from bone marrow

Found in the stratum spinosum

Front 27

This epidermal layer contains 3-5 layers of granule and vesicle-containing keratinocytes and the cells are DYING:

Back 27

stratum granulosum

Front 28

Give characteristics of the stratum granulosum:

Back 28

- cells are dying (cut off from nutrients)
- forms protein-lipid bilayer
- waterproofs skin
- prevents dehydration
- Granules lyse & keratin is created

Front 29

Epidermal tissue only found in THICK tissue (superficial to stratum granulosum):

Back 29

Stratum lucidum

Front 30

This is the thin, translucent zone of the epidermis:

Back 30

stratum lucidum

Front 31

What are the cells of the stratum lucidum filled with:

Back 31

eleiden (intermediate product in keratin production)

(no nuclei or organelles)

Front 32

Which layer of the epidermis is known to "exfoliate" and is resistant to abrasion, penetration, and water loss?

Back 32

stratum corneum

Front 33

what is the order of the 5 layers of epidermis from most SUPERFICIAL to DEEPEST?

Back 33

stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale

Front 34

How thick is the dermis?

Back 34

0.2 - 4.0 mm

Front 35

Characteristics of the dermis:

Back 35

-strong, flexible, connective tissue
-gives skin its strength and resilience
-gel-like matrix
-contains collagen, elastic and reticular fibers
-rich in nerves, receptors, blood vessels, lymph vessels
-hair follicles and sweat glands extend into it

Front 36

What are the accessory structures of the dermis?

Back 36

hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, nails roots and nerve endings

Front 37

These are upward extensions of the dermis into the epidermis forming the ridges of the fingerprints

Back 37

Dermis papillae

Front 38

smooth muscles in the dermis

Back 38

piloerector muscles

Front 39

skeletal muscles in face are used for what?

Back 39

expressions

Front 40

What are the layers of the dermis?

Back 40

papillary layer (top)

reticular layer (bottom)

Front 41

Characteristics of the papillary layer:

Back 41

- loosely organized areolar tissue
- allows for motility of white blood cells

Front 42

Characteristics of the reticular layer:

Back 42

- Deepest 4/5
- Dense irregular connective tissue
- Thick collagen
- Adipocytes

Front 43

This is the layer of the dermis known for stretch marks and adipocytes:

Back 43

reticular layer

Front 44

What else is the hypodermis known as?

Back 44

subcutaneous tissue or superifical fascia

Front 45

Which layer of the skin contains a great deal of subcutaneous fat tissue?

Back 45

hypodermis

Front 46

What two functions does the hypodermis have?

Back 46

1. Energy reservoir
2. Thermal insulation

Front 47

The hypodermis is ___% thicker in women:

Back 47

8%

Front 48

Why do doctors prefer using hypodermic injections when administering a drug that cannot be swallowed or must be absorbed quickly?

Back 48

The hypodermis contains subcutaneous tissue that is HIGHLY vascular

Front 49

The red pigment of red blood cells

Back 49

hemoglobin

Front 50

The yellow pigment from diet -

Back 50

carotene

Front 51

Yellow pigment that concentrates in stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat areas:

Back 51

carotene

Front 52

This pigment is stimulated by UV radiation from sunlight and is concentrated in moles and freckles:

Back 52

melanin

Front 53

blueness resulting from deficiency of oxygen in the circulating blood (cold weather) -

Back 53

cyanosis

Front 54

skin color: redness ‡ emotional, hypertension, inflammation

Back 54

erythema

Front 55

paleness ‡ emotion, anemia, low blood pressure

Back 55

pallor

Front 56

yellowing ‡ liver disorder, >bile pigments in blood

Back 56

jaundice

Front 57

Addison’s disease (deficiency of glucocorticoid hormone), adrenal cortex, golden brown color

Back 57

bronzing

Front 58

escaped blood has clotted - bruise

Back 58

hematoma

Front 59

genetic lack of melanin

Back 59

albinism

Front 60

birthmarks are also known as:

what causes these?

Back 60

hemangiomas

discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal blood capillaries

Front 61

What type of birthmarks disappear in childhood?

Which ones are for life?

Back 61

strawberry birthmarks

port wine

Front 62

flat aggressions of melanocytes

Back 62

freckles

Front 63

elevated melanized skin that is usually benign

Back 63

moles

Front 64

These leave oily fingerprints on touched surfaces

Back 64

finger ridges

Front 65

Form after birth by repeated closing of the hand

Back 65

flexion creases

Front 66

Form in wrist & elbow areas

Back 66

flexion lines

Front 67

How does the skin synthesize vitamin D?

Back 67

regulates blood calcium and phosphate levels

Front 68

The Skin As a Barrier :

Back 68

tough, dry, acid mantle & UV barrier

Front 69

Explain Cutaneous Absorption in the Skin:

Back 69

1. The blood receives 1–2% of its oxygen through the skin.

2. Many toxic compounds, as well as fat-soluble vitamins, can be absorbed through the skin.

3. Amino acids and steroids diffusing through the skin attract mosquitos

Front 70

In what way does the skin as a sensory function?

Back 70

receptors for heat, cold, touch, pressure, vibration and pain

Front 71

How does the skin "thermoregulate?"

Back 71

1. The skin functions as an adjustable radiator to regulate body temperature.

2. When cold, dermal blood vessels constrict thus retaining heat in the body core.

3. When hot, dermal blood vessels dilate, radiating heat to the surroundings. Also, perspiration allows evaporative cooling.

Front 72

These are accessory organs to the skin and are made of hard keratin (compared to the soft keratin of skin)

Back 72

hair and nails

Front 73

Clear, hard derivatives of the stratum corneum

Back 73

nails

Front 74

what does the spoon-like appearance of the nails mean?

Back 74

iron-deficiency

Front 75

what allows for fleshy, sensitive fingertips?

Back 75

flat nails

Front 76

clubbing of nails can indicate?

Back 76

hypoxemia (low oxygen levels)

Front 77

How fast do nails grow?

Where is the growth zone?

Back 77

1mm per week

proximal edge of nail

Front 78

The dead epidermis that covers the proximal end of the nail, commonly called the cuticle

Back 78

eponychium

Front 79

The growth zone (mitotic tissue) at the proximal end of the nail; corresponding to the stratum basale of the epidermis

Back 79

nail matrix

Front 80

Filament of keratinized cells also known as pilus

Back 80

hair

Front 81

The is the part of the hair that is visible above the skin

Back 81

shaft

Front 82

In cross section, the core of the hair (_____) is made up of loosely arranged cells and air spaces; the _______ is densely packed keratinized cells; and the _____ is a layer of overlapping scaly cells.

Back 82

medulla

cortex

cuticle

Front 83

At the base of the follicle

Back 83

root

Front 84

Oblique tube within the skin

Back 84

follicle

Front 85

This is the swelling in the follicle where the hair originates. The ______ in this structure provides nutrients.

Back 85

Bulb

vascular tissue (papilla)

Front 86

abnormal hairiness in women or children:

Caused by?

Back 86

hirsutism

- masculinizing ovarian tumors
- adrenal cortex hypersecretion of testosterone

Front 87

What is the growth rate of hair? How long does this last?

Back 87

- Grows 1mm every 3 days for 2-4 years

-Dormant phase lasts 3-4 months

Front 88

Eyelashes and eyebrows only grow for...

Back 88

3-4 months

Front 89

Baldness gene is dominant in ______ and expressed with levels of ___________.

Back 89

males

testosterone

Front 90

How is baldness in males passed on genetically?

Back 90

thinning on top and then sides of head

passed from mother to son
X-chromosome
Males = XY

Front 91

How is baldness in females passed on genetically?

Back 91

-must be homozygous recessive with abnormal testosterone
-must get gene from mother AND father
- females = XX

Front 92

means loss of hair from the head or body - this includes baldness

Back 92

alopecia

Front 93

Functions of Hair

Back 93

• Body hair too thin to provide warmth
• Sensory functions
– alert us to parasites crawling on skin
•Scalp hair provides heat retention & sunburn cover
• Sex and individual recognition
•Beard, pubic & axillary hair indicate sexual maturity & help distribute sexual scents
• Guard hairs & eyelashes prevent foreign objects from getting into nostrils, ear canals or eyes
• expression of emotions with eyebrows

Front 94

These are sweat glands or ________ glands:

Back 94

cutaneous glands

sudoriferous

Front 95

These glands are:
• Most numerous
• Watery perspiration
• Located all over

Back 95

merocrine

Front 96

Where are merocrine glands abundant?

Back 96

palms, soles, and forehead

Front 97

These glands are:
– more fatty acid – thick, milky
– ducts lead to hair follicles

Back 97

apocrine

Front 98

Where are apocrine glands found mainly?

Back 98

groin, beard, anal, axillary

Front 99

• _______________ glands
– produce oily _______
– prevents dry, brittle, cracked skin/hair
– open into hair follicle or skin surface

Back 99

sebaceous glands

sebum

Front 100

• _______________ glands
– external ear canal
– produce ________
– waterproof keeps eardrum flexible
– bitterness repel mites & other pests

Back 100

ceruminous glands

cerumen (earwax)

Front 101

Glands that produce milk

Back 101

mammory glands

Front 102

Skin is the most vulnerable organ to _____ and _____

Back 102

injury & disease

Front 103

inflammation of skin

Back 103

dermatitis

Front 104

fungal infection known as ringworm

Back 104

tinea

Front 105

red rash of nose and cheeks

Back 105

rosacea

Front 106

recurring patches of scaly white and/or yellow inflammation on skin

Back 106

seborrheic dermatitis

Front 107

viral infection caused by HPV

Back 107

warts

Front 108

inflammation of sebaceous glands:

affects ____% of teenagers and adults

Back 108

acne

80%

Front 109

what causes acne?

Back 109

• Male sex hormones stimulate sebaceous glands to increase in size & hypersecrete
• Microorganisms feed on glycerol from sebum causing inflammation and plugging glands

Front 110

Closed comedones

Back 110

whiteheads

Front 111

Open comedo

Caused by?

Back 111

blackhead

darkness is result of lipid oxidation

Front 112

How do you treat acne?

Back 112

– frequent cleansing
– topical ointments
– antibiotics 
– Accutane – drug that inhibits sebum production

Front 113

allergic skin reaction triggered by irritants, environment, & stress

Has genetic component is not contagious

Back 113

eczema

(most common - atopic eczema)

Front 114

Symptoms of eczema:

Back 114

• Mild case – dry, hot,
• Severe case – broken, raw, bleeding

Front 115

Treatment for eczema:

Back 115

• No cure
– Outbreaks may become less frequent with age
• Treated with
– Emollients – prevent moisture loss
• Lotions, creams, ointments
– Topical Steroids

Front 116

What causes psoriasis? Characteristics of the disease?

Back 116

• Immune-mediated skin disease
– T-lymphocytes
• Genetic component
• Not contagious
• Abnormal epithelial growth
– Normal cell – ~30 days
– Psoriasis – 3 to 5 days

Front 117

Symptoms of psoriasis?

Back 117

• Dead cells create a white, flaky layer over the patch of inflamed skin
• May also occur in the joints

Front 118

Most common form of psoriasis?

Back 118

plaque psoriasis

Front 119

Highly contagious bacterial infection of skin:

Mostly found in:

Back 119

impetigo

kids

Front 120

Skin Cancer

• induced by _____
– most common in _____

Back 120

UV rays of the sun

fair-skinned and elderly

Front 121

Best kind of cancer to get:

characteristics and treatment?

Back 121

• Basal cell carcinoma
– arises from cells of the stratum basale & invades dermis
– treated by surgical removal & radiation
– least likely form of skin cancer to metastasize

Front 122

Cancer that arises from keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum:

If neglected....

Back 122

squamous cell carcinoma

– if neglected, metastasis to the lymph nodes can be lethal

Front 123

Most deadly form of skin cancer:

Arises from:

Back 123

malignant melanoma

melanocytes of a preexisting mole

Front 124

How can you tell whether its a malignant tumor or not?

Back 124

– ABCD--asymmetry, border irregular, color mixed & diameter over 6 mm

Front 125

What causes burns?

Back 125

hot water, sunlight, radiation, electric shock or acids and bases

Front 126

How do burns cause death?

Back 126

– fluid loss, infection, effects of ESCHAR (dead tissue - release of toxins)

Front 127

Only epidermis burned (red, painful, edema)

Back 127

1st degree burn

Front 128

Burnt epidermis, part of dermis ; causes blistering

where does the epidermis regenerate from?

Back 128

2nd degree burn

• epidermis regenerates from hair follicles & sweat glands

Front 129

Full-thickness burn

Requires what? Causes what?

Back 129

3rd degree burn

grafts or fibrosis; debridement (removal of dead tissue)

disfigurement or death

Front 130

Treatment for burns:

Back 130

fluid replacement & infection control
– IV proteins, nutrients & fluids

Front 131

People who use sunscreens actually have a higher incidence of __________.

What is this caused by?

Back 131

basal cell carcinoma

PABA, zinc oxide, titanium dioxide

Front 132

Tissue taken from different region of patient:

Back 132

autograft

Front 133

skin graft tissue from identical twin

Back 133

isograft

Front 134

3 permanent graft options for burns:

Back 134

autograft
isograft
cultured keratinocyte patches

Front 135

graft from unrelated person

Back 135

homograft

(temporary)

Front 136

graft - tissue from another species

Back 136

heterograft

(temporary)

Front 137

graft from thin membrane surrounding the fetus - taken from afterbirth

Back 137

amnion graft

(temporary)

Front 138

graft made from silicone and collagen

Back 138

artificial skin

(temporary)