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196 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The two distinct regions of the skin
epidermis
dermis
Composed of epithelial cells and is the outermost protective shield of the body
epidermis
Underlying layer make up the bulk of the skin. It is tough, leathery layer composed of fibrous connective tissue
dermis
What is the dermis composed of?
fibrous connective tissue
Out of the two layers, which ones are vascular and avascular?
epidermis: avascular (gets nutrients by diffusion through the tissue fluid from the blood vessels in the dermis)

dermis: vascular
Subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin?
hypodermis
What part of the skin thickens when one gains weight?
hypodermis
Anchors skin to the underlying structures(muscles) but allows them to slide freely over the structures?
hypodermis
also known as the superficial fascia
Why is the hypodermis known also as superficial fascia?
because it is right above the tough connective tissue fascia (tissue wraps around muscles) of the skeletal muscles
Epidermis is made of what type of tissue?
kerantinized stratified squamous epithelium
Cells of the epidermis (4)

KMLM
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, merkel cells
These produce keratin
keratinocytes
a fibrous protein that helps give the epidermis protective properties
keratin
What forms a callus?
persistent friction of epidermis
What does the hypodermis do for the body?
acts as an insulator and shock absorber
What do keratinocytes do?
They produce keratin. They are at the deepest layer undergoing continuous mitosis. They are being pushed up, as they go up they produce more and more kertain until it consumes the cell. Once they reach the top they are simply dead keratin filled plasma membranes.

In high abrasion areas, they increase productivity of these keratinocytes
Millions of these rub off daily?
keratinocytes (dead keratin filled plasma membranes)
Spider shaped epithelia cells that synthesize the pigment melanin?
melanocytes
Describe synthesis of melanin.
-In the deepest layer of the epidermis melanin is made
It is then accumlated in the melanosomes
-Melanosomes move along the actin filaments to the end of melanocytes processes
At these ends of processes, keratinocytes pick it up
These carry melanin and move along actin filaments to the end of melanocytes processes to be picked up by keratinocyte?
melanosomes
What accumulate on the superficial side of the keratinocyte nucleus and form a pigment shield that protects the nucleus from the damaging effects of UV radiation and sunlight?
melanin granules
Phagocytes that arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis to ingest foreign substances and help activate the immune system?
Langerhans cells
Where do Langerhans cells come from? Where do they go?
bone marrow and they go to the epidermis
Sensory receptor for touch in the epidermis?
merkel cells
Where are Merkel cells present?
epidermal dermal junction
Thick skin consists of?
the skin that covers the palms, fingertips, and soles of the feet
Thin skin consists of?
the rest of the body except the palms, fingertips and soles of the feet.
What does the think skin not have?
stratum lucidum
Stratum Basal
deepest epidermal area
single row of cells
nuclei show rapid division
melanocytes, some merkel cells
Stratum Basal is also known as?
stratum germinatium
Order of the 5 layers of the epidermis:
1) stratum basale
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum
5) stratum corneum
Several layers thick, contains thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of prekeratin?
stratum spinosum
This layer of the epidermis has the most abundant Langerhan cells?
stratum spinosum
Keratinocytes appear irregular in shape in this layer?
stratum spinosum
Keratinocytes appear irregular in shape, they are called?
prickle cells
Thin layer, consists of 3 to 5 cell layers, this is where keratinocytes appearance changes drastically?
Stratum Granulosum
How does the keratinocytes appearance change drastically in the stratum granulosom?
their nuclei flatten and their organelles begin to disintegrate :(
Two types of granules accumulate in stratum granulosum?
1) keratohyaline granules
2) lamellated granules
These help to form keratin the upper levels
keratohyliane granules
Contain a waterproofing glycolipid that is in extracellular space, responsible for slowing water loss across the epidermis?
lamellated granules
How do keratincytes toughen up?
They get lipids from the lamellated granules to coat their surface and become more resistant
This is the layer where epidermal cells are too far from the dermal capillaries, so they die?
stratum granulosum
Known as the clear layer, consists of a few rows of clear, flat, dead kertinocytes?
stratum lucidum (clear layer)
**not in thin skin**
Produces a gummy substance that clings to the keratin filaments in the cells, causing them to aggregate in parallel arrays?

Happens in what layer?
keratinhylaine granule

in stratum lucidum (clear layer-only in thick skin)
Known as the horny layer, consists of 20-30 layers, that provides a durable overcoat for the body?
stratum corneum
This layer is waterproof by the glycolipid?
stratum corneum

glycolipid is from the stratum granulom layer- from the lamellated granule
This layer protects deeper cells from the hostile environment, water loss and from biological, chemical and physical assaults?
stratum corneum
Where do hair follicles, oil and sweat glands reside?
they are dervived from epidermal tissue but they reside in the dermis
Dermis two layers
papillary layer and reticular
Areolar connective tissue in which collagen and elastin fibers form a loosely woven mat that is heavy in blood vessels?
papillary layer

"connective tissue of the dermis heavy in blood vessels"
touch receptors of the dermal papillae
meisshers corpuscles
Increase friction and enhance gripping ability of the fingers and feet, they are genetically determined and unique?
epidermal ridges-fingerprints
What cause the epidermal ridges?
dermal papillae lying atop the large mounds of the dermal ridges
They indent the overlying epidermis and contain capillary loops, nerve endings and touch receptors?
dermal papillae
80% of thickness of the dermis
reticular layer
Reticular layer is made of what kind of connective tissue?
dense irregular connective tissue
Network of blood vessels that lies between the hypodermis and the reticular layer and nourishes the reticular layer?
cutaneous plexus
Formed by separations or less dense regions in the reticular layer?
Cleavage
Cleavage lines run longitudinal in the?
skin of the head and limbs
Cleavage lines run circular patterns in the?
neck and trunk
To make an incision on the cleavage lines, what would you do to promote rapid healing?
you would make the incision parallel to these lines
Dermal folds that occur at or near joints and is more tightly secured to deeper structures?
flexure lines
What 3 main things are in the reticular layer?
cutaneous plexus, flexure lines, cleavage lines
3 pigments that contribute to skin color
1) melanin
2) carotene
3) hemoglobin
Melanin synthesis depends on an enzyme found in melanocytes called?
tyrosinase
Dark skin peoples melanocytes do what?
they produce more and darker melanosomes

and their keratinocytes retain it longer
Local accumulations of melanin
freckles
What stimulates melanocytes activity?
the sun
What pigment helps protect DNA of viable skin cells from UV radiation?
melanin
What is it called when hemoglobin is poorly oxygenated and skin appears blue? Often happens in heart failure and seven respiratory disorders
cyanosis
The colors of melanin range from what?
yellow to black
Carotene colors range from what?
yellow to orange
Where is carotene found?
in plant products such as carrots
Where does carotene accumulate in the skin?
stratum corneum and hypodermis
Where is the color of carotene most obvious in the body?
palms and soles where stratum corneum is thickest
If you were to eat alot of carrots what would happen to your skin?
your palms and soles of your feet would turn orange or yellow!!!!
What type of people have variations of melanin and carotene?
asian people
How does hemoglobin color show through the skin? And who does it happen to?
This happens to fair skinned cacuasion people, who has little melanin in their skin. So their epidermis is almost transparent letting the pink hue of hemoglobin to show through.
Appendages of the skin consist of: (5)
nails, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair follicles, and hair
What is the key to forming any of the skins appendages?
the formation of the epithelial bud
What stimulates an epithelial bud to form?
reduction in cadherin (cell adhension)

cell attraction is broken and cells can rearrange themselves allowing the bud to form
2 types of sweat glands
1) eccrine sweat glands
2) apocrine sweat glands
merocrine glands found on the palms, soles of the feet and forehead
eccrine sweat glands
eccrine sweat glands
aka suboriferous glands
simple tubular gland (unbranched tubes)

secretory part lies coiled in the dermis and duct extends to open in a funnel shaped pore
eccrine sweat glands consists of what?
99percent water and some salts
Sweating is regulated by what part of the nervous system?
sympathetic automatic nervous system
These are the sweat glands that are larger and the ducts empty into hair follicles?
apocrine sweat glands
Apocrine sweat gland contains the same components of sweat but with two other things?
fatty substances and proteins
These glands are confined to the axillary and anogenital areas?
apocrine sweat glands
Sweat glands secrete an odorless milky, yellowish color?
apocrine sweat glands
The sweat gland that begins functioning at puberty by the influence of adrogens?
apocrine gland
Ceruminous glands
Modified apocrine sweat gland that is found in the lining of the external ear canal. It secretes cerumen (ear wax)
Blocks entry of foreign material into the ear
cerumen (ear wax)
Mammary glands
specialized sweat glands that secrete milk.
Sweat gland that is part of the female reproductive organs?
mammary glands
Simple branched alvelolar glands that are found all over the body except the palms and soles?
sebaceous glands (oil)
Where are the sebaceous glands large on the body?
face, neck and upper chest
What do the sebaceous glands secrete?
sebum
This holocrine gland accumlates lipids till it bursts?
sebaceous gland
Where is sebum located and what does sebum do for the body?
it is located in the hair follicle or pore on skin surface

it softens and lubricates the hair and skin
What stimulates sebum secretion?
adrogens (hormones)

relatively inactive in childhood
Active inflammation of the sabaceous glands?
acne
Sebum oxidizes and dries and darkens?
blackhead
Sebaceous gland duct is blocked by accumlated sebum?
whitehead
fold down from the epidermal surface into the dermis, can even hit the hypodermis?
hair follicles
deep end of the follicle located 4mm below skin surface and expanded?
hair bulb
The actively growing region of hair?
hair bulb
sensory nerve endings that wrap around each bulb
hair follicle receptor or root hair plexus
when you bend the hair you stimulate these ends?
hair follicle receptor or root hair plexus
nipple like bit of dermal tissue protrudes into the hair bulb, it contains capillaries and supplies nutrients to the growing hair?
hair papilla
makes up the wall of the hair follicle, derived from the dermis?
connective tissue root sheath
has external and internal parts, it thins as it approaches the hair bulb so that only a single layer is covering the papilla?
epithelia root sheath
the part of the hair that produces the hair?
hair buldge
How is hair produced?
chemicals are sent from the papilla to the hair buldge, and their migrate to the papilla and they divide to produce hair cells
associated with each follicle is bundle of smooth muscle cells that pulls the hair follicle upright?
arrector pili
Arrector pili functions? (2)
It is smooth muscles that their contraction pulls the hair follicle upright

It also dimples the skin surface to produce goose bumps in response to cool temps or fear
Body hair of children and adult female. It is pale and fine.
vellus hair
Coarser, longer hair of the eyebrows and scalp is?
terminal hair
Where do terminal hairs appear?
In axillary and pubic regions of both sexes

On the face and chest of males
What stimulates the hair growth of terminal hairs?
Stimulated by male sex hormones called adrogens.

When male hormones are present in large amounts, terminal hair growth is luxuriant.
Hair follicle growth cycle. The part where the follicle ranges from weeks to years and its followed by a regressive phase?
growth phase
where hair matrix cells die and follicle then enters the resting phase?
regressive phase
What happens after the resting phase in hair growth cycle?
the matrix proliferates and forms a new hair to replace the old one
What determines the life span of hair?
its under the control of proteins
Hair thinning is called?
alopecia (balding)
what is it called when hairs are not replaced as fast they shed?
alopecia (balding)
hair loss begins at the anterior hairline and progresses posteriorly?
alopecia (balding)
In alopecia the coarse terminal hairs are replaced with what?
vellus hair
Genetically determined, sex influenced hair loss condition?
male battern baldness
What causes male pattern baldness?
A delayed actIon gene that "switches on" in adulthood and changes the response of hair follicles to DHT
DHT
a metabolite of testerone
What are the growth cycles in male pattern baldness?
They are short growth cycles to the point that hair does not even appear. If it does appear it is in the form of vellus hairs that look like fuzz
Scalelike modification of the epidermis that forms a clear protective covering on the dorsal surface of the distal part of the finger or toe?
nail
Contains hard keratin?
nails
The visible attached portion of the nail?
free edge body
The embedded part in the skin of the nail?
free edge- root
Deeper layers of the epidermis that extend beneath the nail?
nail bed
Superficial keratinized layers?
the nail itself
thickened proximal portion of the nail bed that is responsible for nail growth?
nail matrix
Nail growth process?
Cells are produced by the matrix and get heavily keratinized, the nail body (free surface body) slides over the nail bed.
Why do nails normally appear pink?
Due to the rich capillaries in the underlying dermis
white crescent part of the nail is called?
lunula
proximal nail fold on the nail body "on the nail"
eponychium (cuticle)
"below the nail" called the quick region beneath the free edge of the nail where dirt and debree accumulate?
hyponychium
low ph of skin secretions retards multiplication of bacteria in the integumentary system?
acid mantle
a natural antibiotic secreted by skin cells that punches holes in bacteria making them look like sieves?
human defensin
wounded skin releases large quantities of protective peptides called?
cathelicidins
these are effective in preventing infection of group A streptococus bacteria?
cathelicidins
certain plants such as posion ivy and poison oak that do penetrate the skin in limited amounts?
oleoresins
substances that dissolve cell lipids that penetrate the skin?
organic solvent
drug agents that ferry other drugs into the body penetrate the skin in limited amounts are called?
penetration enhancers
substances such as lead and mercury that penetrate the skin?
salts of heavy metals
Langerhan cells in the epidermis bring foreign substances(antigens) to what?
lymphocytes (white blood cells)
Second line of defense to dispose viruses and bacteria that have managed to penetrate the epidermis, also antigen presenters?
dermal macrophages
Remarkably effective biologically based sunscreen, where the electrons convert radiation/uv to harmless heat?
DNA
What happens when body temperature rises, what does the body do to regulate this?
The dermal blood vessels dilate
stimulates the sweat glands into vigourous secretory activity
evaporation of sweat dissipates body heat and effciently cools the body, preventing overheating
When external temperature is cold, what does the body do to regulate this?
First the dermal vessels constrict, this causes warm blood to bypass the skin temporarily which allows the skin temp to drop to that of the external environment which slows down the passive body heat loss and conserves it instead
Skin exteroceptors (respond to stimuli outside the body) that are part of the nervous system?
cutaneous sensory receptors
What alerts us to bumps or contacts involving deep pressure?
pacinlan corpuscles
What enzyme deters wrinkles?
collagenase (aids in the natural turnover of collagen)
What part of the skin can hold large volumes of blood?
dermal vascular supply
If muscles need greater blood supply the nervous system get its from where?
constricts the dermal circulation
What is found to disable a tumor supressor gene?
UV radiation
A protein that causes genetically damaged skin cells to commit suicide?
fas
What accelerates the production of "fas"? What are the effects of the increase in production?
sunburned skin

it reduces the risk of mutations that will cause sun-linked skin cancer
What is happening on a cellular level when the skin peels after being sunbrunt?
It is the death of these gene damaged cells

(so its kinda good to get sunburnt instead of tan)
the tiny oily vesicles filed with enzymes that initate repair of the DNA mutation most commonly caused by sunlight?
liposomes
in skin lotions that can fix damaged DNA before they develop into cancer cells?
liposomes
Where does this least malignant and most common skin cancer arise (what skin layer)?
stratum basal

basal cell carcinoma
Where are the most common areas of basal cell carcinoma?
sun exposed areas of the face
This skin cancer appears as a shiny, dome-shaped nodule that later develops a central ulcer with a pearly, beaded edge?
basal cell carcinoma
How do you cure basal cell carcinoma?
full cure by surgical excision

because metastais seldom occurs before its visible
Where does squamous cell carcinoma arise from?
arises from the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
This skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule?
squamous cell carcinoma
Where does squamous cell carinoma usualy appear?
most often found on head(scap), ears, lower lip, hands
What is the growth of squamous cell carcinoma? Can it be cured?
grows rapidly and metasize if not removed.

It can be cured if caught early and its removed surgically or by radiation therapy. A chance of a complete cure is good.
The cancer of melanocytes?
melanoma
Why is melanoma the most dangerous skin cancer?
-it metasizes fast

-it is resistent to chemotherapy
This skin cancer can begin whereever there is pigment, and it is a brown to black patch?
melanoma
What is the growth rate of melanoma? Can it be cured?
It metasizes fast to the surrounding lymph and blood vessels.The key to survival is early detection but it is a poor chance. It is done by surgical and immunotherapy
ABCD rule
Asymmetry (two sides dont match)
Border (borders exhibits indentions)
Color (contains several colors blacks,browns, tans)
Diameter (spot is larger than 6mm in diamter)
Elevation (above the skin surface)

used to recognize melanoma
Tissue damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all which denature the cells proteins an cause cell death in affected areas?
Burn
What is the immediate threat to life from a sever burn?
loss of body fluids containing proteins and elctrolytes
This happens when there is inadequate blood circulation due to reduced blood volume?
circulatory shock
Divides the body in 11 areas, each accounting for 9% of the body surface burned?
rule of nines
Loss of body fluids that contains proteins and electrolytes leads to what events?
dehydration- renal shutdown and circulatory shock
What is the leading cause of death in burn victims?
infection because the lack of skin barrier and immune system is deficient within 1 to 2 days
What is done in recovery for burn victims?
replace fluids with IV
consume extra calories (gastric tubes and IV)
Only epidermis is damaged. The symptoms is localized redness, swelling and pain. What type of burn?
first degree burn (partial thickness burn)
What is the recovery for first degree burn? An example of a first degree burn?
heal in 2 to 3 days

SUNBURN
Injured the epidermis and upper region of the dermis. Symptoms same as 1st degree but with added blisters. What type of burn?
second degree burn (partial thickness burn)
The entire thickness of skin appears gray-white, cherry red, blackened. There is little or no edema. What type of burn?
third degree burn
Why is there no pain in a third degree burn?
nerve ending have been destroyed
Treatment for third degree burn?
skin graft
(burned skin removed, area flooded with antibiotics, synthetic membrane, or amniotic sac membrane, it can be rejected by patients immune system, NOW have synthetic skin made of silcone epidermis from own patients skin)
Burns are critical if....
-25% of the body has 2nd degree burns
-10% of the body has 3rd degree burns
-third degree burns of face, hands, feet
burned skin
eschar