Human Anatomy Exam 2

Front 1

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Back 1

-Guards the physical and biochemical integrity of the body.
-maintains a constant body temperature.
-provides sensory information about the surrounding environment.
-metabolism
-blood reservoir

Front 2

Structural division of the skin (epidermis and dermis)

Back 2

Epidermis: superficial, thinner portion, composed of epithelial tissue.
Dermis: deeper, thicker layer made up of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.

Front 3

5 layers of the epidermis of thick skin

Back 3

1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum lucidum
3. Stratum granulosum
4. Stratum spinosum
5. Basale

Front 4

4 layers of the epidermis of thin skin

Back 4

1. Stratum corneum
2. Stratum gradulosum
3. Stratum spinosum
4. Basale

Front 5

The various cells and their functions of the epidermis

Back 5

Keratinocyte: most numerous epidermal cells and protect the skin and underlying tissues form heat, microbes and chemicals.
Melanocyte: Produces melanin and absorbs damaging UV light
Langerhans cells: participate in immune response against microbes that invade the skin. (they are macrophages)
Tactile (Merkel Cells): located in the deepest layer of the epidermis. They connect the flattened process of a sensory neuron.

Front 6

Functions of Keratin and Melanin

Back 6

Function of Kertain is to protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes and chemicals.

Function of Melanin contributes to skin color and absorbs UV light.

Front 7

The process of keratinization

Back 7

a process undergone by newly formed cells in the stratum basale, as they pushed to the surface they accumulate more and more keratin and the cells undergo apoptosis.

Front 8

function of the lamellar granules

Back 8

release a lipid rich secretion that fills the spaces between cells of the stratum granulosum and between more superficial cells of the epidermis.

Front 9

The two divisions of the dermis and the type of tissue present in each region.

Back 9

Thin superficial papillary layer: consist of areolar CT containing fin elastic fibers.

Deep reticular layer: consist of dense irregular CT containing bundles of collagen and some coarse elastic fibers.

Front 10

Dermal papillae and epidermal ridges

Back 10

Dermal papillae: they increase the surface area of the papillary region.
Epidermal ridges: a series of ridges and grooves on the surface of the palms, fingers, soles, and toes.

Front 11

Functions and characteristics of the hypodermis.

Back 11

Deep to the dermis, consist of areolar and adipose tissues. Functions serves as storage site for fat, contains large blood vessels that supply the skin, contains lamellated corpuscles and anchors skin to underlying strutures.

Front 12

The three pigments responsible for the color of skin.

Back 12

melanin, carotene and hemoglobin.

Front 13

compare and contrast thin and thick skin

Back 13

Thin skin- lacks a stratum lucidum, lacks epidermal ridges. Covers all parts of the body except palms, digits and feet, and fewer sweat glands.

Thick skin - Covers palms, digits and feet, 5 layers, lacks hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and sebaceous glands. Has more sweat glands,

Front 14

The various exocrine glands associated with the skin- what is their major secretion product and function?

Back 14

Merocine sweat gland- most concentrated in the skin of the forehead, palms and feet. Regulates body temperature through evaportation.
Apocrine sweat gland- found mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae, and bearded region. Secrete products into hair follicles.
Sebaceous glands- excretes sebum- a mixture of fat, cholesterol, proteins and salts. Coats the surface of hairs from drying out, prevents excessive evaporation of water from skin, keeps skin soft and pliable.

Front 15

The anatomy of hair

Back 15

Shaft- superficial portion
Root- portion of hair deep to the shaft taht penetrates into dermis.
inner medulla- containing pigment granules and air spaces.
Middle cortex- forms the major part of the shaft
Cuticle- most heavily keratinized (outer layer)

Front 16

The significances of the papilla of the hair and hair matrix

Back 16

The bulb houses the papilla of the hair that contains many blood vessels that nourish the growing hair follicle
The maxtrix cells are responsible for the growth of existing hair, and they produce new hair

Front 17

Major function of hair

Back 17

limites protection of scalp from innjury and UV rays
decreases heat loss from scalp
eyebrows and eyelashes protect the eyes from foreign particles

Front 18

Major function of nail

Back 18

helps us grasp and manipulate small object in various ways
protection against trauma to the ends of the digits

Front 19

events associated with epidermal wound healing and deep wound healing

Back 19

Epidermal wound healing- this occurs if abrasion or minor burn (only to epidermis) in response to an epidermal injury basal cells of the epidermis surrounding the wound break contact with the basement membrane.
Deep wound occur when wounds penetrate the dermis or subcutaneous

Front 20

4 phases of deep wound healing

Back 20

4 phases of deep wound healing inflammatory (a blood clot forms in the wound), migratory (fibroblasts begin synthesizing scar tissue), proliferative (deposition of collagen fibers by fibroblast) and maturation(formation of scar tissue)