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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name the components of the integumentary system and describe their location.
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Cutaneous membrane (skin)
- Epidermis - Dermis Accessory structures (Appenditures) - Hair - Nails – goes through epidermis to surface - Multi-cellular exocrine glands - (Hypodermis – ask professor) |
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List and explain in detail the functions of the integumentary system.
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- Protection of underlying tissue and organs against impact, abrasion, fluid loss and chemical attack
- Excretion of salts, water and waste by integumentary glands - Maintenance of normal body temp through insulation or evaporation - Synthesis of Vitamin D3, a steroid that is subsequently converted to calcitrio important to normal calcium metabolism - Storage of lipids in adipocytes in the dermis - Detection of touch/pressure/pain/temperature stimuli and relaying of that info to the nervous system |
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Name and describe the two principal parts of the skin.
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Epidermis – stratified squamous epi
- Basale - Spinosum - Granulosum - Lucidium - Corniosum Dermis – Dense irregular CT - Papillary layer - Reticular layer |
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Identify the tissue types found in different regions of the skin. State which ones are vascular. For avascular tissues, give the consequences of this condition.
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Epidermis : Avascular – cells must receive stuff through diffusion or absorbed across the exposed or the attached epithelial surface
- Stratified squamous epi Dermis : Vascular - Areolar ct - Dense irregular CT |
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Name and describe the layers of the epidermis found in thick skin. Which one is absent in thin skin? Where on the body are thick and thin skin located? Differentiate between the structure of thick and thin skin.
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- Thick skin (bottom-up)
o Stratum germinativum o Stratum spinosum o Stratum granulosum o Stratum lucidum – absent in thin skin o Stratum corneum - Thin skin o Most of body surface |
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Describe the anatomy and physiology of fingerprints. What is the function of epidermal ridges?
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Fingerprints are formed in the dermal papillary. The epidermis follows the dermal papillary. Fingerprints reveal that pattern of epidermal ridges originally formed in dermal papillary. The ridges are not only good for identification, but gripping as well.
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Give the functions of the epidermis. How is it able to perform these functions?
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Mechanical protection, prevents fluid loss and helps keep microorganisms out of the body.
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What is keratin? What role does it play in the integumentary system?
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Keratin: the tough, fibrous protein components of nails, hair, calluses and the general integumentary surface.
Thickens cell membranes and they become less permeable |
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Describe the determinants of skin color. Describe the mechanisms that tend to make a person darker or lighter in color.
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2 pigments
o Melanin: increased melanin = darker skin o Carotene: increased carotene = lighter skin |
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Explain the function and the origin of melanin. Describe the functional significance and trade-offs of geographic differences in melanin production.
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Function: shield DNA from UV
Melanocytes in the stratum basale… equal number in all races… secrete melanin pigment from tyrosine + pigment = darker |
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Explain the function and location of cells in the epidermis.
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- Keratinocytes: keratin & glycolipid - In stratum basale
- Melanocytes: melanin - In stratum basale - Langernans cells: wandering macrophage - Merkel cells: touch receptors |
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Give the consequences and normal rate of epidermal shedding.
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- Cells are mitotic so you’re constantly reproducing them
- Normal rate = 15-30 days |
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Name and describe the two layers of the dermis. What structures are located in the papillae? What structures are located in the reticular layer?
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2 layers
- Papillary region * Dermal papillae * Capillary loops * Free nerve endings * Meissners corpuscles - Reticular region * Blood vessels * Sweet & oil glands * Sensory nerve fibers * Pacinean / lamellated corpuscles * Excessive stretch |
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What is the significance of the lines of cleavage?
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a. Axis of collagen fibers
b. Affects healings / scarring |
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Describe the position, function, composition and two alternative names for the subcutaneous layer.
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a. Position: below epidermis & dermis
b. Function: anchor skin to underlying layer c. Composition: Adipose connective tissue Aka: Hypodermis, superficial fascia |
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Describe how the skin repairs itself.
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Bleeding occurs at site of injury. Mast cells in region trigger inflammatory response. Scab forms. Cells of stratum basale are migrated along edges of wound. Phagocytic cells remove debris and more arrive via enhanced circulatory. 1 week after injury, scab is undermined by epidermis cells migrating over meshwork produced by fibroblast activity. Phagocitic activity also ended, fibrin clot disintegrate after several weeks, scab shed and epidermis complete. Shallow depression marks injury site but fibroblast in dermis continue to create scar tissue to elevate epidermis.
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Differentiate between basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma.
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Basale cell carcinoma
- Least malignant - most common - Slow growing - Comes from stratum basale Squamous cell carcinoma - Rapidly growing - Rare to metastasize - Comes from stratum spinosum Melanoma - Most deadly - Comes from melanocytes - Metasesis rapid - Detection uses ABCDE rule |
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Differentiate between a first, second and third degree burn in terms of pain, tissue damage and healing. Describe the systemic effects of a burn and specifically why they occur.
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- First degree / superficial / minor
- Only epidermis - Red, swollen - 2nd degree / particle thickness - Epidermis, upper-dermis - Blisters - 3rd degree / full-thickness burn - Goes through dermis - Takes out pain receptors - Gray, white or black / ashy - Skin graph is necessary |
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Describe how the integumentary system affects or assists the other systems, primarily the skeletal system, muscular system, nervous system, respiratory system, lymphatic system.
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look in book
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Describe how the integumentary system is affected or assisted by the other systems, primarily the muscular system (more than mentioned on pg 175), endocrine system, cardiovascular system.
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look in book
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For each type of gland in the skin, give its name, its location, its secretion mechanism, its tissue type, its gland type (exocrine vs endocrine), the location in the skin where it secretes its product, the location in the body where the gland is found, the appearance of the gland, the major components of its secretion, and the function of its secretion.
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look in book
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