Human Anatomy Chapter 2 The Components Of The Cell

Front 1

Plasma (cell) membrane:

(major cell component)

Back 1

Structure: Phosolipid bilayer containing cholesterol and proteins (integral and peropheral) and come carbohydrates (externally)

Function: Contains receptors for communication; forms intercellular connections; acts as physical barrier to enclose call contents; regulates material movement into and out of the cell.

Front 2

Cytoplasm:


(major cell component)

Back 2

Structure: Contains cytosol, a viscous fluid, and inclusions and organelles

Function: Place of many metabolic processes of the cell; stores nutrients and dissolved solutes.

Front 3

Organelles:

(major cell component)

Back 3

Structure: Membrane-bound and non-membrane bound structures that have unique functions and activities.

Function: Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell.

Front 4

Inclusions:

(major cell component)

Back 4

Structure: Droplets of melanin, protein, glycogen granules, or lipid; usually non-membrane-bound.

Function: Store materials

Front 5

Nucleus

(major cell component)

Back 5

Structure: Surround by double membrane nuclear envelope (each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer); contains nucleolus and chromatin

Function: Acts as cell control center; controls all genetic info (DNA); site of ribosome subunit assembly.

Front 6

Nuclear envelope:


(major cell component)

Back 6

Structure: Double membrane boundary bet cytoplasm and nuclear contents.

Function: Pores in envelope regulate exchange of materials with the assembly.

Front 7

Nuclear pores:

(major cell component)

Back 7

Structure: Openings through the nuclear envelope.

Function: Allow for passage of materials bet nucleus and cytoplasm.

Front 8

Nucleous (or nucleoli):

(major cell component)

Back 8

Structure: Spherical, dark-staining, dense granular region in the nucleus.

Function: Synthesizes rRNA and assembles ribosomes in the nucleus.

Front 9

Chromatin and Chromosomes:

(major cell component)

Back 9

Structure: Filaments association of DNA and histone proteins.

Function: Site of genes in the DNA.

Front 10

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

(membrane-bound organelles)

Back 10

Structure: Interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles; no ribosomes.

Function: Synthesizes lipids; metabolizes carbohydrates; detoxifies drugs, alcohol.

Front 11

Rough ER

(membrane-bound organelles)

Back 11

Structure: flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cisternae; ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface

Function: Synthesizes proteins for secretion, new proteins for the plasma membrane, and lysosomal enzymes; transports and stores molecules.

Front 12

Golgi Apparatus:

(membrane-bound organelles)

Back 12

Structure: Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs w/ associated transport vesicles (aka shuttle vesicle)

Function: Modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins for secretion, inclusion in new plasma membrane, or lysosomal enzyme synthesis.

Front 13

Lysosomes:

(membrane-bound organelles)

Back 13

Structure: Membrane sacs w/ digestive enzymes

Function: Digest materials or microbes ingested by the cell: remove old/damaged organelles; self-destruct (autolyze)

Front 14

Peroxisomes:

(membrane-bound organelles)

Back 14

Structure: membrane-enclosed sacs; usually contain large amounts of specific enzymes to break down harmful substances.

Function: Convert hydrogen peroxide formes during metabolism to water.

Front 15

Mitochondria:

(membrane-bound organelles)

Back 15

Structure: Double membrane structures with cristae; fluid matrix contents at center.

Function: Synthesizes most ATP during cellular respiration, "powerhouse or the cell"

Front 16

Ribosomes:

(non-membrane bound organelle)

Back 16

Structure: Dense cytoplasmic granules with 2 subunits (large and small) may be free in cytoplasm (free ribosomes) or bound to rough ER (fixed ribosomes)

Function: synthesize proteins for"
1) use in the cell (free ribosomes)
2) secretion, incorporation into plasma membrane, or lysosomes (fixed ribosomes)

Front 17

Cytoskeleton:

(non-membrane bound organelle)

Back 17

Structure: Organized network of protein filaments or hollow tubules throughout the cell.

Function: Provides structural support; facilitates cytoplasm streaming, organelle and cellular motility, transport of materials and cell division.

Front 18

Microfilaments:

(non-membrane bound organelle)

Back 18

Structure: Actin protein monomers formed into filaments.

Function: Maintain cell shape; aid in muscle contraction and intracellular movement; separate dividing cells

Front 19

Intermediate filaments:

(non-membrane bound organelle)

Back 19

Structure: various protein components

Function: provide structural support; stabilize cell junctions

Front 20

Microtubules:
(non-membrane bound organelle)

Back 20

Structure: Hollow cylinders of tubulin protein; able to lengthen and shorten

Function: support cell; hold organelles in place; maintain cell shape and rigidity; direct organelle movement w/in cell and cell motility as cilia and flagella; move chromosomes as cell division.

Front 21

Centrosome:

(non-membrane-bound organelle)

Back 21

Structure: amorphous region adjacent to nucleus; contain a pair of centrioles

Function: Organize microtubules; participates in spindle fiber formation during cell division.

Front 22

Centrioles:

(non-membrane bound organelle)

Back 22

Structure: Paired perpendicular cylindrical bodies; composed of microtubule triplets.

Function: Organize microtubules during cell division for movement of chromosome

Front 23

Cilia:

(non-membrane bound organelle)

Back 23

Structure: Short, membrane-attached projections containing microtulubles; occur in large #'s on exposed membrane surfaces.

Function: Move fluid, mucus, and materials over the cell surface.

Front 24

Flagellum:

(non-membrane bound organelle)

Back 24

Structure: Long, singular membrane extension containing microtubules.

Function: Propels sperm cells in human male.

Front 25

Microvilli:

(non-membrane bound organelle)

Back 25

Structure: Numerous thin membrane folds projecting from the free cell surface.

Function: Increase membrane surface area for increased absorption and/or secretion.