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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
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Physiology
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the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery
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Regional
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all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
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Systemic
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gross anatomy of the body studied by system
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Surface
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study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
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Cytology
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study of the cell
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Histology
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study of tissues
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Developmental Anatomy
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Traces structural changes throughout life
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Embryology
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study of developmental changes of the body before birth
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Pathological anatomy
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study of structural changes caused by disease
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Radiographic anatomy
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study of internal structures visualized by X ray
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Molecular biology
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study of anatomical structures at a sub cellular level
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Renal
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kidney function
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Neurophysiology
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workings of the nervous system
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Cardiovascular
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operation of the heart and blood vessels
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Chemical
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atoms combined to form molecules
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Cellular
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cells are made of molecules
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Tissue
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consists of similar types of cells
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Organ
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made up of different types of tissues
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Organ system
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consists of different organs that work closely together
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Organismal
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made up of the organ systems
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Integumentary system
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Forms the external body covering. Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D |
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Skeletal system
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-Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
-Protects and supports body organs -Provides the framework for muscles -Site of blood cell formation -Stores minerals |
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Muscular system
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-Composed of muscles and tendons
-Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression -Maintains posture -Produces heat |
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Nervous system
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-Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
-Is the fast-acting control system of the body -Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands |
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Cardiovascular system
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-Composed of the heart and blood vessels
-The heart pumps blood -The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body |
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Lymphatic system
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-Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
-Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood -Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream -Houses white blood cells involved with immunity |
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Respiratory system
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-Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
-Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide |
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Digestive system
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-Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
-Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood -Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces |
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Urinary system
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-Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
-Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body -Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood |
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Male reproductive system
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-Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
-Main function is the production of offspring -Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones -Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract |
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Female reproductive system
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-Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
-Main function is the production of offspring -Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones -Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus -Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn |
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Organ Systems Interrelationships
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-Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood
-Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems |
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Maintaining boundaries
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the internal environment remains distinct from the external
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Cellular level
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accomplished by plasma membranes
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Organismal level
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accomplished by the skin
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Movement
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locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility
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Responsiveness
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ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
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Digestion
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breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
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Metabolism
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all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
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Excretion
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removal of wastes from the body
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Reproduction
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cellular and organismal levels
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Growth
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increase in size of a body part or of the organism
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Nutrients
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chemical substances used for energy and cell building
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Oxygen
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needed for metabolic reactions
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Water
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provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions
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Maintaining normal body temperature
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necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
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Atmospheric pressure
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required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
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Homeostasis
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is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
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dynamic state of equilibrium
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The internal environment of the body is in a
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maintain homeostasis
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Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact
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Receptor
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monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)
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Control center
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determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
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Effector
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provides the means to respond to the stimulus
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negative feedback
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systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus
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Positive Feedback
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In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
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Homeostatic Imbalance
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Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium
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Superior and inferior
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toward and away from the head, respectively
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Anterior and posterior
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toward the front and back of the body
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Medial, lateral, and intermediate
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toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure
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Proximal and distal
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closer to and farther from the origin of the body
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Superficial and deep
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toward and away from the body surface
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Axial
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head, neck, and trunk
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Appendicular
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appendages or limbs
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Sagittal
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divides the body into right and left parts
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Frontal or coronal
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divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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Midsagittal or medial
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sagittal plane that lies on the midline
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Transverse or horizontal
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divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Dorsal cavity
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protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions
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Cranial cavity
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within the skull and encases the brain
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Vertebral cavity
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runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
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Ventral cavity
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houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic and abdominopelvic
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Thoracic cavity
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is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
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Pleural Cavity
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each houses a lung
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Mediastinum
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contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
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Pericardial cavity
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encloses the heart
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abdominopelvic cavity
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separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragm
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Abdominal cavity
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contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
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Pelvic cavity
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lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Parietal
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serosa lines internal body walls
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Visceral serosa
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covers the internal organs
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Oral and digestive
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mouth and cavities of the digestive organs
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Nasal
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located within and posterior to the nose
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Orbital
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house the eyes
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Middle ear
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contain bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
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Synovial
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joint cavities
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
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-Right upper
-Left upper -Right lower -Left lower |
