Human Anatomy And Physiology: Nervous System

Front 1

Functions of the nervous system

Back 1

Recieving Sensory Input

Integrating Info

Maintain Homeostasis

Mental Activity

Control of muscles and glands

Front 2

Divisions of the Nervous System

Back 2

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 3

What consists of the CNS?

Back 3

Brain

Spinal Cord

Front 4

What consists of the PNS?

Back 4

Sensory Division

Motor Division

Front 5

Highly specialized cells that receive and transmit electrical (action potentials or neural impulses) and chemical signals

Back 5

Neurons

Front 6

Major parts of a Neuron

Back 6

Cell Body

Dendrites

Axon

Front 7

Other parts of a Neuron

Back 7

Nissl bodies

Schwann Cells

Collateral Axons

Front 8

Types of Neurons

Back 8

Multipolar

Bipolar

Pseudo-Unipolar

Front 9

Nonneuronal cells of the CNS and PNS

They protect the neurons

Back 9

Neuroglia /Glial cells

Front 10

4 types of neuroglia

Back 10

Astrocytes

Ependymal Cells

Microglia

Oligodendrocytes

Front 11

Protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood, & allows exchange of waste products and nutrients.

Back 11

Blood brain barrier

Front 12

Line the fluid filled cavities within the CNS.

Back 12

Ependymal Cells

Front 13

Secretes Cerebrospinal fluid

Back 13

Choroid plexuses

Front 14

During Infection, the CSF

Back 14

Has depleted glucose

 Has increased protein content

 Has increased WBC

 Becomes cloudy, or bloody (Hemorrhage)

Front 15

They help remove bacteria within the CNS. They phagocytize necrotic tissues especially during infection, trauma, or stroke.

Back 15

Microglia

Front 16

They surround axons with their cytoplasmic extensions

extensions

Back 16

Oligodendrocytes

Front 17

They form myelin sheets.

Back 17

Schwann Cells

Front 18

Gaps between individual Schwann cells

Back 18

Nodes of Rainvier

Front 19

Unmyelinated group of neuron cell bodies are called

Back 19

Gray matter

Front 20

Gray matter on the surface of the brain is called

Back 20

Cortex

Front 21

Deeper gray matter is called

Back 21

Nuclei

Front 22

Myelinated bundles of axons are called

Back 22

White matter

Front 23

In the PNS, a group of neuron cell bodies is called

Back 23

Ganglia or ganglion

Front 24

In the PNS, a group of axons is called

Back 24

Nerves

Front 25

Is the communication among neurons.

Back 25

Neural signaling

Front 26

Action potentials are conducted slowly because action potentials travel along the entire axon.

Back 26

Unmyelinated axon

Front 27

Action potentials are conducted rapidly by saltatory conduction.

Back 27

Myelinated axon

Front 28

2 Common Neurotransmitters

Back 28

Acetylcholine

Norepinephrine

Front 29

(cholinergic neurons) that triggers muscle contraction.

Back 29

Acetylcholine

Front 30

Responsible for “fight or flight” reaction.

 Released by adrenergic neurons

Back 30

Norepinephrine

Front 31

Other kinds of neurotransmitters

Back 31

Dopamine

Susbtance P.

Endorphins and enkephalins

Front 32

Effects of acetylcholine

Back 32

Excitatory

Inhibitory

Front 33

It is an involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus applied to the periphery transmitted to the CNS.

Back 33

Reflex

Front 34

5 basic components of a reflex arc

Back 34

1. Sensory receptor

2. Sensory neuron

3. Interneuron

4. Motor neuron

5. Effector organ

Front 35

2 types of neuronal pathways

Back 35

Diverging

Converging

Front 36

A soft, wrinkled mass of tissue that is highly complex and adaptive. It weighs around 3 pounds.

Back 36

Brain

Front 37

Four major regions of the brain

Back 37

Brainstem

Diencephalon

Cerebrum

Cerebellum

Front 38

Most posterior portion of the brainstem

Back 38

Medulla Oblongata

Front 39

The nuclei in the medulla oblongata serves as

Back 39

Vital Centers

Front 40

Part of the brainstem that regulates respiration, swallowing, and sleep.

Back 40

Pons

Front 41

Shortest portion of the brainstem

Back 41

Midbrain

Front 42

Substance that can be found in the midbrain

Back 42

Substantia nigra

Front 43

The midbrain has 4 rounded bodies called

Back 43

Colliculi

Front 44

The brainstem is the major component of the

Back 44

Reticular Activating System

Front 45

It is the part of the brain between the cerebrum and the midbrain.

Back 45

Diencephalon

Front 46

3 important regions in the diencephalon

Back 46

Thalamus

Epithalamus

Hypothalamus

Front 47

A major relay center for all sensory information (except smell) to the cerebrum.

Back 47

Thalamus

Front 48

Contains the pineal gland

Back 48

Epithalamus

Front 49

Important homeostatistic mechanisms of the hypothal.

Back 49

It is the control center of the autonomic nervous system.

Hypothalamus is the link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

The hypothalamus help maintain fluid balance.

It regulates body temperature.

The appetite and satiety centers within it regulate food intake.

It regulates sleep-wake cycles

The hypothalamus influences sexual behavior and emotional aspects of sensory input.

Front 50

Second largest part of the brain

Back 50

Cerebellum

Front 51

Main fxns of cerebellum

Back 51

Coordinated movements

Maintain muscle tone posture

Maintain balance and equilibrium

Learning motor skills

Front 52

Largest part of the brain

Back 52

Cerebrum

Front 53

Outermost layer of the cerebrum

Back 53

Cerebral Cortex

Front 54

Main fxns of spinal cord

Back 54

It transmits information to and from the brain.

It controls many reflex activities of the body.

Front 55

Regions of the white matter of spinal cord

Back 55

1.Posterior (dorsal) columns

2.lateral columns

3.Anterior (ventral) columns

Front 56

It is a predictable, automatic response to a specific stimulus.

Back 56

Reflex Action

Front 57

Steps of Reflex Action

Back 57

1. Reception of the stimulus.

2. Transmission of info to the CNS.

3. Integration (interpretation and determination of an appropriate response)

4. Transmission of info from the CNS to a muscle.

5. Actual response.

Front 58

Stretch reflexes

Back 58

• A. Knee-jerk (patellar reflex)

• B. Withdrawal (flexor reflex)

Front 59

Ascending Tracts

Back 59

1. Spinothalamic Tract – transmits pain, light touch, deep pressure

2. Dorsal column – responsible for transmission of proprioception, touch, deep pressure, and vibration

3. Spinocerebellar – proprioception to cerebellum

Front 60

Descending Tracts

Back 60

Lateral Corticospinal

Anterior Corticospinal

Rubrospinal

Reticulospinal

Vestibulospinal

Tectospinal

Front 61

Two fibers of the Sensory Division

Back 61

Somatic Sensory Division

Visceral Sensory Division

Front 62

Two subdivisions of the Motor Division

Back 62

Somatic Motor Nervous System

Autonomic Motor Nervous System

Front 63

Divisions of the Autonomic Motor Nervous System

Back 63

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

Enteric

Front 64

The ventral branches interconnect forming a network called

Back 64

Plexuses

Front 65

3 types of plexus

Back 65

Cervical

Brachial

Lumbosacral

Front 66

Largest nerve in the body

Back 66

Sciatic Nerve

Front 67

Nerve that innervates the diaphragm

Back 67

Phrenic nerve

Front 68

A group of interconnected nuclei involved in memory and regulation of emotion.

Back 68

Limbic System

Front 69

2 important limbic regions

Back 69

Hippocampus

Amygdala

Front 70

Three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures

Back 70

Meninges

Front 71

3 meninges of the brain

Back 71

Dura Mater - outer

Arachnoid Mater - spiderlike

Pia Mater - inner

Front 72

Process where info is encoded, stored, and retrieved.

Back 72

Memory

Front 73

Types of memory

Back 73

Working

Short term

Long term

Front 74

Group of functionally related nuclei.

Back 74

Basal nuclei

Front 75

Connects the right and left hemisphere

Back 75

Corpus Callosum