Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the 2 main divisions of the peripheral nervous system? |
Autonomic nervous system Somatic nervous system |
|
|
What are the 3 parts of a neuron? |
Axon Cell body Dendrites |
|
|
Where does the axon carry information? |
Away from the cell body. (Axons Away) |
|
|
What does the axon of one neurone connect with? |
Dendrites of other neurones at synapses. |
|
|
Where do dendrites carry information? |
To the cell body. |
|
|
What does the cell body contain? |
The nucleus and all the organelles required for cell metabolism. |
|
|
What is the spinal cord protected by? |
Protected by the vertebrae. |
|
|
What does the spinal cord run through, which is created by tunnels in each vertebra? |
The vertebral canal. |
|
|
Where does the spinal cord end in children? |
L3 |
|
|
Where does the spinal cord end in adults? |
L1 |
|
|
What does the spinal cord consist of? |
Ascending and descending neurons that carry information to and from the brain. |
|
|
What forms the vertebral canal? |
The vertebral foramen. |
|
|
What is the outer section of the spinal cord made up of? |
White matter |
|
|
What is the inner section of the spinal cord made up of? |
Grey matter |
|
|
Where do nerves enter the spinal cord? |
Through the dorsal horn (dorsal roots) |
|
|
Where do nerves exit the spinal cord? |
Through the ventral horn (ventral roots) |
|
|
What are the 3 tracts of the somatic nervous system? |
1) Lateral corticospinal tract (lateral column) 2) Dorsal columns 3) Anterolateral fasciculus |
|
|
What does the lateral corticospinal tract carry? |
Descending motor tracts from the cerebral cortex. |
|
|
What do the dorsal columns carry? |
Sensory neutrons carrying fine touch and proprioception from the limbs. |
|
|
What do the anterolateral fasciculus carry? |
Sensory neurones carrying pain and temperature fibres. |
|
|
What are nerves that travel to the CNS called? |
Afferents |
|
|
What are nerves that travel from the CNS called? |
Efferents |
|
|
What is the role of the autonomic nervous system? |
Subconscious control of the body |
|
|
What does the ANS usually innervate? |
Smooth muscle of tissues or glands. |
|
|
Does the autonomic nervous system involve ganglia and synapsing? |
Yes |
|
|
What are the 2 types of autonomic neurons involved for the ANS to reach its target? |
Pre and post-ganglionic neurones |
|
|
What are the 2 branches of the ANS? |
Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system |
|
|
What is the sympathetic response? |
'Fight or flight' |
|
|
Is the pre or post-ganglionic neurone longer in a sympathetic neurone? |
Post |
|
|
Where are sympathetic cell bodies present? |
Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments |
|
|
Are the sympathetic ganglia located close to or distant from the target organ? |
Distant |
|
|
What is the parasympathetic response? |
'Rest and digest' |
|
|
Where do parasympathetic neurones arise from? |
Arise from the cranial nerves or from the lumbo-sarcral spinal cord. |
|
|
Are the parasympathetic ganglia located close to or distant from the target organ? |
Close |
|
|
Is the pre or post-ganglionic neurone longer in a parasympathetic neurone? |
Pre |
|
|
When does the autonomic nervous system function? |
Always |
|
|
What is the role of the somatic nervous system? |
Conscious control of the body |
|
|
What do somatic sensory nerves detect? |
Pain Temperature Touch Proprioception |
|
|
What are somatic efferent nerves motor to? |
Motor to effector skeletal muscles (innervate) |
|
|
Are somatic sensory nerves afferent or efferent? |
Afferent |
|
|
Are somatic motor nerves afferent or efferent? |
Efferent |
|
|
What are the 2 types of somatic nerves? |
Spinal nerves and cranial nerves |
|
|
Where do spinal nerves arise from? |
From the spinal cord |
|
|
Where do cranial nerves arise from? |
Directly from the brain |
|
|
What type of nervous system(s) do the peripheral spinal nerves carry axons of? |
Somatic and autonomic |
|
|
What are 8 examples of different types of spinal nerves? |
1) Musculocutaneous nerve 2) Phrenic nerve 3) Radial nerve 4) Median nerve 5) Ulnar nerve 6) Intercostal nerve 7) Femoral nerve 8) Sciatic nerve |
|
|
Where does the spinal root leave the spinal cord? |
Below each vertebra (except in cervical region where they exit superior to the vertebrae). |
|
|
What is the odd vertebrae region out and why is it different? |
C7 It has one root above and one below (C7 and c* nerve). |
|
|
How any spinal roots are there overall? |
31 (extra one form the coccyx). |
|
|
Are dorsal roots (posterior) afferent or efferent? |
Afferent |
|
|
Are ventral roots (anterior) afferent or efferent? |
Efferent |
|
|
What is a nerve plexus? |
A network or tangle (can be from a mixed segmental spinal nerve). |
|
|
What spinal nerves (arising from the spinal cord below each vertebrae) make up the lumbar plexus? |
T12-L5 |
|
|
What are the peripheral nerves arising from the lumbar plexus? |
Iliohypogastric nerve Ilioinguinal nerve Genitofemoral nerve Lateral cutaneous femoral nerve Obturator nerve Femoral nerve Accessory obturator nerve Nerve to psoas Nerve to iliacus Lumbosacral trunk |
|
|
Where does the femoral nerve arise from? |
From spinal roots L2, 3 and 4 |
|
|
What does the femoral nerve supply? |
Supply muscles and the skin of the leg (cutaneous distribution) |
|
|
Where does the sciatic nerve arise from? |
The sacral plexus |
|
|
What are dermatomes and myotomes representative of? |
The distribution of somatic nerves |
|
|
What is the difference between dermatomes and myotomes? |
Dermatome = distinct area of skin Myotome = group of muscles |
|
|
Why is the dermatome distribution of a spinal nerve different to the cutaneous distribution of a peripheral nerve? |
The cutaneous distribution of a peripheral nerve may contain more than the dermatome. |
|
|
What muscles is the sciatic nerve motor to? |
Posterior thigh |
|
|
What is the sciatic nerve sensory afferent from? |
From the skin over the lateral side of the leg (below knee). From the skin the sole and dorsal of the foot. |
|
|
What muscle is the femoral nerve motor to? |
Anterior thigh |
|
|
What is the femoral nerve sensory afferent from? |
From the anterior thigh and medial leg |
|
|
How many cranial nerves are there? |
12 |
|
|
What do the cranial nerves supply to the body? |
Special senses |
|
|
What are the 5 special senses that the cranial nerves supply? |
1) sight 2) taste 3) hearing 4) smell 5) balance |
|
|
What are the 12 cranial nerves (and what do they do)? |
1) Olfactory 2) Optic 3) Oculomotor 4) Trochlear 5) Trigeminal 6) Abducent 7) Facial 8) Vestibulocochlear 9) Glossopharyngeal 10) Vagus 11) Accessory 12) Hypoglossal |
|
|
Which cranial nerves provide special senses? |
Olfactory Optic Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal |
|
|
What are the 2 parts of the central nervous system? |
The brain and spinal cord |
|
|
What are the 2 hemispheres of the brain? |
Left hemisphere and right hemisphere |
|
|
What does the left hemisphere control? |
Logic, numbers and language The right hand side |
|
|
What does the right hemisphere control? |
Creativity, imagination and rhythm The left hand side |
|
|
What are the 2 hemisphere of the brain joined by? |
A neural bridge of nerve fibres known as the CORPUS CALLOSUM |
|
|
Which 3 things make up the brain stem? |
Midbrain Medulla Pons |
|
|
What 3 things makeup the forebrain? |
Cerebral cortex Thalamus Hypothalamus |
|
|
What 3 things make up the hindbrain? |
Medulla Pons Cerebellum |
|
|
What part of the brain controls higher functions? |
Midbrain |
|
|
What is the main role of the cerebellum? |
Main role in motor learning as all motor skills are stored in cerebellar memory. |
|
|
What is the main function of the thalamus? |
Is a relay point |
|
|
What is the main function of the hypothalamus? |
Homeostasis |
|
|
What originates in the medulla? |
The autonomic nervous system |
|
|
What is the main function of the cerebral cortex? |
Location of higher functions such as intelligence, personality, planning and organisation, touch sensation. |
|
|
What are sulci? |
Infolding's of the brain |
|
|
What are gyri? |
Sticky out bits between sulci Areas of functional grey matter |
|
|
What are the main parts of the brain (label)? |
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe Central sulcus Pre-central gyrus Post-central gyrus Lateral fissure Cerebellum Brainstem Parieto-occiptal lobe Corpus callosum |
|
|
What is the function of the frontal lobe? |
Integrated brain functions (planning and appreciation of emotions) |
|
|
What is the function of the parietal lobe? |
Movement, orientation and some recognition |
|
|
What is the function of the occipital lobe? |
Mainly involved with the visual cortex |
|
|
What is the function of the temporal lobe? |
Integrating sound and speech, forming memories |
|
|
What is the function of the pre-central gyrus? |
Primary motor cortex - movement |
|
|
What is the function of the post-central gyrus? |
Somatosensory cortex - touch, pain, temperature and proprioception |
|
|
What are the meninges? |
A layer of tissue that physically separates the CNS from the rest of the body. |
|
|
What is present within the meninges? |
The CNS is bathed in fluid = CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID (CSF) |
|
|
What is the purpose of the meninges and CSF? |
Cushions the brain and protects it form damage? |
|
|
What is the CSF produced by? |
Choroid plexus (specialised epithelium lining cavities within the brain (ventricles)) |
|
|
What does the CSF have lower and higher concentrations of? |
Lower - proteins, cells and most ions Higher - sodium, chloride and magnesium ions |
|
|
Where does the CSF circulate first before exiting onto the surface of the brain and spinal cord? |
Circulates through the ventricles |
|
|
Where is the CSF reabsorbed? |
Into the venous circulation at points called ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS. |
|
|
What are the passageways between the ventricles called? |
Aqueducts |
