Horse Prod Test 3

Front 1

hi

Back 1

me

Front 2

Signs of Dental Problems

Back 2

head tilt
head tossing
refusing bit
quidding
slow mastication
exaggerated tongue movement
whole grain in feces
facial swelling

Front 3

what is quidding?

Back 3

dropping grain when eating

Front 4

what is routine dental care called?

Back 4

floating

Front 5

what is floating?

Back 5

removing sharp edges

Front 6

where are the sharp points on the upper and lower jaw?

Back 6

upper- outside
lower- inside

Front 7

what are hooks and ramps?

Back 7

ramps-teeth continue to back of upper jaw
hooks- sharp hooks in teeth

Front 8

wolf teeth

Back 8

form at 5-6 months, usually removed in riding animals, found i upper jaw, in 70% horses

Front 9

deciduous teeth form: centrals, laterals, corners

Back 9

centrals- 6 days
laterals- 6 weeks
corners- 6 months

Front 10

permanent teeth form: centrals, laterals, corners

Back 10

centrals- 2.5 years
laterals- 3.5 years
corners- 4.5 years

Front 11

difference between deciduous teeth and permanent teeth

Back 11

permanent teeth are bigger, longer, and darker in color; deciduous teeth are white, softer, and not long

Front 12

when do canine teeth form and who are they found in?

Back 12

when do canine teeth form and who are they found in?

Front 13

disappearance of cups in lower: centrals, laterals, corners

Back 13

centrals- 6 yrs
laterals- 7 yrs
corners- 8 yrs

Front 14

disappearance of cups in upper: centrals, laterals, corners

Back 14

centrals- 9 yrs
laterals- 10 yrs
corners- 11 yrs

Front 15

what is dental pulp and when does it start forming?

Back 15

the dental star starts at 6-8 yrs

Front 16

What is the galvayne's groove and years it moves?

Back 16

on corner incisors:
10,15,20,25, gone by 30

Front 17

teeth angle start to protrude at what age?

Back 17

12 years

Front 18

Incisor hooks form and disappear when?

Back 18

appear 7 gone by 9
appear 11 gone by 13

Front 19

symptoms of parasitism

Back 19

unthrifty
potbelly
rough hair coat
seemingly normal

Front 20

What is the treatment goal for parasites?

Back 20

keep parasite level below harmful level for horses

Front 21

*large strongiles*

Back 21

strongylus vulgaris

Front 22

*small strongiles*

Back 22

cyathastomes

Front 23

*ascarids*

Back 23

parascaris equorum

Front 24

*stomach bots*

Back 24

gasterophilus

Front 25

*pin worms*

Back 25

oxyuris equi

Front 26

*stomach worms*

Back 26

habroema

Front 27

*tape worms*

Back 27

anoplocephala perfoliata

Front 28

*thread worms*

Back 28

strongyloides westeri

Front 29

large strongyles

Back 29

"blood worms"; travel through vessels, eradicated?

Front 30

small strongyles

Back 30

Biggest concern! non-migratory, attach to gut wall and encyst

Front 31

Ascarid

Back 31

"roundworm"; found in horses less than 2 years

Front 32

Stomach Bots

Back 32

lay eggs in hair
eggs are licked to hatch and tunnel into gums

Front 33

what 3 things does licking provide in stomach bots that make them hatch?

Back 33

1. heat
2. friction
3. moisture

Front 34

Pinworms

Back 34

"irritating nematode" where eggs stick to anus, little damage

Front 35

stomach worms

Back 35

"summer sores"
parasite shared with ruminants
parasite infects fly larvae

Front 36

tapeworms

Back 36

inhabits small intestine
eggs picked up by mites which are then eaten by horses
rising threat

Front 37

thread worms

Back 37

problem in young foals
immune by 4-5 mo
causes diarrhea and scours
deworm mare within 24 hrs of foaling if not current

Front 38

General Management to reduce parasites

Back 38

disposal of manure
rotate pastures
avoid overcrowding
use feed bunks (not ground)
clean water
regular deworming
treat wounds with fly repellant

Front 39

Are parasites killd by frost or dry heat?

Back 39

dry heat

Front 40

what time of the year is there the most risk for parasites?

Back 40

spring when eggs start developing

Front 41

when would you want to underdose and overdose an animal with anthelmintics?

Back 41

underdose if they have a lot of parasites to avoid impaction
overdose to avoid normal resistance

Front 42

*Avermectins*

Back 42

stimulate GABA in parasites
paralyzes parasite
works for all BUT tapeworm
only one that kills encysted small strongyles

Front 43

*Benzimidazoles*

Back 43

inhibit polymerization
disrupts energy metabolism
effective against all BUT bots, stomach worm and tapeworm
Takes a while for them to work

Front 44

*Pyrimidines*

Back 44

paralyzes parasite
works for all BUT bots and stomach worms
double dose kills tape worms

Front 45

*praziquantel*

Back 45

effective against tape worms
interfere with Ca concentrations

Front 46

Deworm Strategy A

Back 46

adult deworm 8-12 weeks
foals start at 6-8 weeks until 1 yr
start with "slow kill"

Front 47

Deworm Strategy B

Back 47

identify heavy shedders and treat the more often
take fecal egg counts

Front 48

In "slow kill" what value should you be checking?

Back 48

fecal egg count

Front 49

locus

Back 49

region of chromosome where particular gene is carried

Front 50

allele

Back 50

alternative forms of gene at locus

Front 51

genotype

Back 51

pair of alleles at given locus and makeup of individual

Front 52

Phenotype

Back 52

expression of alleles, what it looks like

Front 53

complete dominance

Back 53

one allele masks expression of another

Front 54

partial or incomplete dominance

Back 54

one allele does not completely mask expression of another

Front 55

Epistasis

Back 55

interaction of genes at two or more loci

Front 56

what are the two types of skin pigmentation and what colors are they?

Back 56

eumelanin-black or brown
pheomelanin- red or yellow

Front 57

Gene W: White

Back 57

W is dominant to w
WW is lethal
Ww true white (pink skin)
ww not white

Front 58

Gene G: Gray

Back 58

Born solid color
G dominant to g
fleabitten is probably Gg
gg not gray

Front 59

Gene E: Eumelanin (black hair)

Back 59

E dominant to e
E_ is black hair whole body or points
ee is red hair

Front 60

Gene A: Agouti (black points)

Back 60

controls distribution of black hair (E_)
E_A_ black points: Bay
E_aa black body: Black, Brown
eeaa or eeAa: chestnut/sorrel

Front 61

Gene C: Cream Dilution

Back 61

controls dilution of red pigment
CC: full pigment
CCcr: yellow body
Bay= Buckskin (E_A_CCcr)
Sorrel= Palamino (eeCCcr)
Black = Smoky Black (E_aa CCcr)

Front 62

CcrCcr

Back 62

dilutes any coat color

Front 63

Gene Rn: Roan

Back 63

head solid color and doesn't change like a gray horse does
Rn is dominant to rn

Front 64

Mutation

Back 64

mistakes in genetic code

Front 65

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis (HYPP)

Back 65

Na leaks into the muscle fibers causing them to fire

Front 66

signs of Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

Back 66

muscle twitching
crawling skin
prolapse of third eyelid
collapse into sitting position

Front 67

Who was hyperkalemic periodic paralysis inherited from

Back 67

the quarterhorse Impressive

Front 68

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis inheritance?

Back 68

Partial dominance:
NN - normal
HN - show signs
HH - severely affected

Front 69

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis prevention

Back 69

genetic tests
test all horses that are descendants
if parents are both neg. then no test
all AQHA foals must be tested

Front 70

Treating Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis

Back 70

control potassium intake because it triggers Na channels to leak
use cereal grains in diet
decrease k intake
limit alfalfa hay and molasses
restricting na and k all together will cause "tying-up"
give acetazolamide which promotes urination of k
give karo syrup to increase insulin and lower k levels in blood

Front 71

What is "Tying Up"

Back 71

period of cramping and stiffness

Front 72

Hereditary Equine Regional Dermal Asthenia

Back 72

aka hyperelastosis cutis
recessive trait
lack of adhesion in dermis due to collagen defect

Front 73

hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia symptoms

Back 73

weeping skin
skin sores
loose and easily tented skin that does not return to normal position

Front 74

Hereditary equine regional dermal asthenia prevention

Back 74

genetic tests
dont breed two carriers
Poco Bueno

Front 75

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

Back 75

results in a lethal inability to fight infections
present at 2-3 months and die at 5mo
recessive trait
ARABIANS

Front 76

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease prevention

Back 76

genetic tests
dont breed two carriers

Front 77

Lethal White Gene ("W")

Back 77

homozygous WW dies early
no true albino horse

Front 78

Prevention of the Lethal White Gene

Back 78

Dont breed two white horses

Front 79

Overo Lethal White Syndrome

Back 79

Congenital intestinal aganglionosis
die due to intestinal abnormalities
recessive trait
associated with OVEROS but can be found in other coat colors

Front 80

Prevention of Overo lethal white syndrome

Back 80

genetic tests
dont breed two carriers

Front 81

*Polysaccharide Storage Myopathy*

Back 81

Muscle disease
abnormal accumulation of glycogen
formation of polysaccharide in muscle

Front 82

Polysaccharide storage myopothy symptoms

Back 82

muscle stiffness and sweating
reluctance to move
tying up
partial dominance

Front 83

Preventing Polysaccharide storage myopathy

Back 83

decrease sugar in diet
supplement with vitamin E and selenium
test horses with signs
type 1: genetic test; dont breed
type 2: muscle biopsy

Front 84

Glycogen Branching Enzyme Deficiency

Back 84

Muscle weakness seen in quarter horses
KING
Recessive trait

Front 85

symptoms of glycogen branching enzyme deficiency

Back 85

born weak
develop seizures
die suddenly
die by day 18

Front 86

Preventing glycogen branching enzyme deficiency

Back 86

genetic test
dont breed two carriers

Front 87

Cerebellar Abiotrophy

Back 87

neurologic condition
seen in ARABIANS
recessive trait
onset 1.5-4yrs

Front 88

Symptoms of cerebellar abiotrophy

Back 88

head tremor
ataxia
hypersensitive

Front 89

preventing cerebellar abiotrophy

Back 89

test markers
don't breed two carriers
test all breeding stock or stallions

Front 90

cycle of small strongyles

Back 90

migrate up tips of blades of grass
ingested with forage intake
migrate to epithelial lining of large intestine
larvae develop in cystic structure
larvae reemerge
adult population most dangerous

Front 91

name the 2 kinds of avermectins

Back 91

ivermectin
moxidectin

Front 92

name the 2 kinds of benzimidazoles

Back 92

fenbendazole
oxybendazole

Front 93

name the 2 kinds of pyrimidines

Back 93

pyrantel pamoate
pyrantel tartrate

Front 94

what are the prazyquantels in combination with?

Back 94

avermectins (ivermectin and moxydectin)