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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What type of hormone is glucagon?
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peptide
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Where is glucagon secreted from?
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alpha cells of the pancreas
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what percent of your cells in the pancreas are alpha cells?
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20%
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what is the function of glucagon?
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to raise blood sugar
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what is the stimulus that causes the release of glucagon?
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low blood sugar levels
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what type of hormone is insulin?
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protien
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Where is insulin secreted from?
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Beta cells of the pancreas
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what percent of your cells in the pancreas are beta cells?
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75%
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what is the function of insulin?
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to decrease blood sugar
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upon what stimulus is insulin released?
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high blood sugar levels
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What pathologies are associated with insulin?
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insufficient secretion of insulin causes Diabetes mellitus characterized by increased blood sugar
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What type of hormone is somatostatin?
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peptide
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where is somatostatin secreted from?
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delta cells of the pancreas
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what percent of your pancreas cells are delta cells?
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5%
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What is the function of somatostatin?
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inhibitory
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What is the stimulus that causes the secretion of somatostatin?
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inhibits GH, glucagon and insulin
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What type of hormone is growth hormone?
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protein
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Where is growth hormone secreted from?
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somatotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland
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What is the function of growth hormone?
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important in skeletal/muscle development; increase uptake of amino acids and proteins - increases fat and carbohydrate breakdown
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what is the stimulus that causes the release of growth hormone?
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hypoglycemia increases growth hormone secretion; Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone and Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone will control it as well
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What pathologies are associated with growth hormone?
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hyposecretion causes pituitary dwarfism
Hypersecretion causes gigantism In ADULTS hypersecretion causes acromegaly |
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What type of hormones are glucocorticoids?
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steriod
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where are glucocorticoids released from?
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zona fasciculata cells in the adrenal gland
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what is the function of glucocorticoids?
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to maintain normal metabolism, resistance to stress and pharmacological use against autoimmunity
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Upon what stimulus will the glucocorticoids be released?
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controlled by ACTH from the anterior pituitary
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What pathologies are associated with glucocorticoids?
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hyposecretion cases Addison's
Hyersecretion causes Cushing's syndrome |
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What type of hormone is adrenocorticotropic hormone?
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peptide
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Where is andrenocorticotropic hormone released?
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corticotroph-lipotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland
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What is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
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growth and regulation of adrenal cortex; stimulation of secretion of glucocorticoids
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What is the stimulus that releases adrenocorticotropic hormones?
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controlled by Corticotropin-releasing hormone of hypothalamus and circulating glucocorticoid levels
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What type of hormone is thyroxine?
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catecholamine, but it behaves like a steroid
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where is thyroxine secreted from?
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follicular cells of the thyroid
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what is the function of thyroxine?
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regulate metabolism (BMR); growth and development; activity of the nervous system
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what is the stimulus that leads to the secretion of thyroxine?
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controlled by Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and Thyroid stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland.
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What are the pathologies associated with thyroxine?
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hyposecretion causes cretinism (young) and myxedema (adults)
Hypersecretion causes gigantism (young) and oxophthalamic goiter (adults) |
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what type of hormone is thyroid stimulating hormone?
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peptide
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where in the body is thyroid stimulating hormone secreted from?
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thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland
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What is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone?
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Uptake of iodine; growth and development on thyroid; release and synthesis of thyroid hormones
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what controls the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone?
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controlled by thyrotropin releasing Hormone of hypothalamus and circulating levels of thyroid hormone hormones
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What type of hormone are the sympathomimetics?
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catecholamines
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where are the sympathomimetics secreted?
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chromaffin cells from the adrenal medulla
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What is the function of the sympathomimetrics?
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to regulate the metabolism, digestion, respiration, movement and blood pressure
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What regulates the release of sympathomimetics?
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controlled by the autonomic nervous system (sympathetic will increase)
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What type of hormone is antidiuretic hormone?
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peptide
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Where is antidiuretic hormone secreted from?
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Posterior pituitary - supraoptic neurons
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What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
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Kidney function (urine volume); blood vessel constriction, blood pressure regulation
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Upon what stimulus will Antidiuretic hormone be released?
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Controlled by the nervous system, stress and pain will increase secretion; alcohol and high blood pressure will decrease secretion.
High osmolarity will increase secretion. |
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What type of hormone are mineracorticoids (e.g. aldosterone)?
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steroid
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Where are mineracorticoids secreted from?
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zona glomerulosa cells of the adrenal gland
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What is the function of mineracorticoids?
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to regulate water/electrolyte balance involving Na/K
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Upon what stimulus is a mineracorticoid secreted?
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controlled by angiotensin II and adrenocorticotropic hormone; osmolarity (high K, low Na stimulate)
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What pathologies are associated with mineracorticoids?
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hypersecretion characterized by edema and high blood pressure.
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What pathology is associated with antidiuretic hormone?
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causes diabetes insupidus
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What type of hormone is parathyroid hormone?
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protein (84 amino acids)
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Where is parathyroid hormone secreted from?
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principal cells in the parathyroid
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What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
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to increase calcium levels by bone breakdown
increases blood Ca through decreased Ca excretion in urine |
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upon what stimulus is parathyroid hormone released?
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controlled by calcium levels in the blood.
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What pathology is parathyroid hormone associated with?
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hypoparathyroidism causes tetany;
hyperparathyroidism causes bone erosion |
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What type of hormone is calcitonin?
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catecholamine
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Where is calcitonin secreted from?
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parafollicular cells in the thyroid
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what is the function of calcitonin?
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to decrease Ca levels by increasing Ca uptake in bones and inhibiting bone erosion
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upon what stimulus is calcitonin released?
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controlled by Ca levels in the blood
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What type of hormone is oxytocin?
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peptide
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Where is oxytocin secreted from?
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posterior pituitary - paraventricular neurons
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What is the function of oxytocin?
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important in milk ejection or let down; initiation and sustaining uterine contractions
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what pathologies are associated with oxytocin?
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induce labor and milk production;
birth control to destroy corpus luteum |
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What type of hormone is prolactin?
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peptide
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where is prolactin secreted from?
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lactotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland
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What is the function of prolactin?
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initiating and maintaining milk secretion
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upon what stimulus will prolactin be released?
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controlled by prolactin-inhibiting hormone (aka dopamine);
menstruation reduces but breast feeding stimulates |
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What type of hormone is follicle stimulating hormone?
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peptide
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where is follicle stimulating hormone secreted from?
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gonadotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland
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What is the function of the follicle stimulating hormone?
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development of ova/sperms.
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Upon what stimulus will follicle stimulating hormone be secreted?
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controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone; levels of sex hormones; inhibin
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what type of hormone is leutinizing hormone?
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peptide
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where is leutinizing hormone secreted from?
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gonadotrope cells in anterior pituitary gland
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what is the function of leutinizing hormone?
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ovulation stimulation, maintains corpus luteum, interstitial cells in testes to produce testosterone
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upon what stimulus will leutinizing hormone be secreted?
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controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone; levels of sex hormones
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what type of hormone is a gonadocorticoid?
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steroid
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where are gonadocorticoids secreted from?
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zona reticularis cells in the adrenal gland
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what is the function of gonadocorticoids?
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sexual development and activity
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upon what stimulus will the gonadocorticoids be released?
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controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone and pituitary leutinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone
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