Honors Biology, Chapter 2

Front 1

Heterotrophs

Back 1

Organisms who obtain their energy and nutrients from other living organisms

Hint 1

Animals, fungi, bacteria, etc.

Front 2

Autotrophs

Back 2

Organisms who obtain their energy and nutrients from non living sources like the sun, minerals, etc.

Hint 2

Plants, certain bacteria, etc.

Front 3

Photoautotrophs

Back 3

Organisms that capture sunlight and use it to synthesize organic compounds from CO2 and H2O

Hint 3

In other words, organisms who use photosynthesis

Front 4

Chemoautotrophs

Back 4

An autotroph that can obtain free energy from inorganic chemicals in the environment

Hint 4

They use chemosynthesis to capture energy and store it as chemical energy to be used for cellular work

Front 5

Cell respiration

Back 5

Chemical reactions that release the free energy of organic compounds

Hint 5

Carried out by both autotrophs and heterotrophs

Front 6

Producers

Back 6

Any organism that produces its own food

Hint 6

An autotroph

Front 7

Consumers

Back 7

An organism that feeds on other organisms or on their organic wastes

Hint 7

A heterotroph

Front 8

Decomposers

Back 8

An organism that lives on decaying organic material, from which it obtains energy and nutrients

Hint 8

Animals

Front 9

Biotic

Back 9

Relating to a living component of an ecosystem

Hint 9

The living organisms of the food web

Front 10

Abiotic

Back 10

Referring to a physical or non living component of an ecosystem

Hint 10

Soil, minerals, water, weather, etc.

Front 11

Ecosystem

Back 11

A biological community and it's abiotic environment

Hint 11

A forest, pond, ocean, etc.

Front 12

Habitats

Back 12

Places within each ecosystem where particular organisms live

Hint 12

Such as the bottom of a pond, the shore, etc.

Front 13

Biosphere

Back 13

All ecosystems combine to make this

Hint 13

It contains many ecosystems, such as coral reefs, deserts, etc.

Front 14

Energy

Back 14

The capacity to do work or to cause change

Hint 14

All organisms need this, they obtain by eating, using sunlight, etc.

Front 15

Chemical energy

Back 15

Energy stored in the structure of molecules

Hint 15

Stored in the organic molecules from which the organisms are made

Front 16

Free energy

Back 16

Energy that is available to do work

Hint 16

Such as the energy plants use for growing and producing food

Front 17

Heat energy

Back 17

Energy that is no longer available to do work

Hint 17

Released from a burning log

Front 18

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 18

States that energy cannot be created or destroyed, but can change form

Hint 18

Principles that describe energy conversions

Front 19

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Back 19

States that systems tend to change in a way that increases the disorder of the system plus its surroundings

Hint 19

Talks about the disorder of systems

Front 20

Entropy

Back 20

Tendency towards disorder

Hint 20

What happens when organisms are not organized

Front 21

Enzymes

Back 21

Specialized proteins that lower the activation energy required to make a reaction proceed

Hint 21

They greatly speed up chemical reactions

Front 22

Active site

Back 22

The portion of an enzyme that attaches to the substrate through weak chemical bonds

Hint 22

Determines the kind of reaction catalyze by an enzyme

Front 23

Substrate

Back 23

A molecule on which enzymes act

Hint 23

The starting molecule

Front 24

Metabolism

Back 24

The sum of all the chemical changes taking place in an organism

Hint 24

There are two types, "building up" reactions or synthesis

Front 25

Synthesis

Back 25

The process of building chemical compounds from smaller components by means of chemical reactions

Hint 25

One type of metabolism

Front 26

Decomposition

Back 26

The process of breaking substances down into smaller chemical units

Hint 26

Another type of metabolism

Front 27

Biosynthesis

Back 27

Consumes free energy, enables organisms to grow and maintain their structure

Front 28

Oxidation

Back 28

The removal of electrons from a molecule

Hint 28

Allows for free energy to be released from decomposition

Front 29

ATP

Back 29

Adenosine triphosphate, used by cells to store energy and to fuel many metabolic processes

Hint 29

A compound that has three phosphate groups

Front 30

Digestion

Back 30

The process by which food breaks down into molecules than an organism can absorb or use

Hint 30

Consists of two parts, one physical and the other chemical

Front 31

Pepsin

Back 31

The active protein-digesting enzyme in the stomach

Hint 31

Secreted by stomach gland cells

Front 32

Small intestines

Back 32

Major functions are digestion and absorption, and it regulates pancreatic secretions

Front 33

Salivary amylase

Back 33

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth because of this action of this enzyme

Front 34

Lipase

Back 34

Fat-digesting enzyme that is secreted in the pancreatic and intestinal juices

Hint 34

Splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol

Front 35

Villi

Back 35

Small fingerlike projections that cover the intestinal lining