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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why is protein unique?
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Amino acids contain nitrogen.
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Can our bodies produce essential amino acids?
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No. We must consume them.
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What is done with excess nitrogen in the body?
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Filtered out by the kidneys and urine.
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What does the digestion process of protein look like?
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Begins in the stomach, releasing the enzyme pepsin. Pepsin begins to break down peptides until they are free amino acids that are absorbed into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body.
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What happens when our bodies are missing essential amino acids?
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Protein synthesis is limited, we CANNOT make more!
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What is a peptide bond?
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A chemical bond joining adjacent amino acids.
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What is denaturation?
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The process of a disruption in the synthesis of protein in which the polypeptide chain is left intact, but the protein is no longer functional.
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What is edema?
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The buildup of excess fluid in extra-cellular spaces.
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What is the RDA for protein?
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0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of healthy body weight
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What is Kwashiorkor?
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A form of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) occurs in children, ages 2-5, when they are weaned off mother's milk, usually in malnourished areas.
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What are the types of vegetarianism?
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Macrobiotic- eat only unprocessed vegan foods.
Vegan- do not eat any meat, eggs, dairy, or unprocessed foods. Traditional- do not eat any meat products, but do eat eggs and dairy |
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What is the difference between fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins?
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Fat-Soluble: dissolve in organic solvents and absorbed through the intestinal tract (Vitamins A, D, E, and K)
Water-Soluble: dissolve in water (8 B-vitamins, except B-12, and vitamin C) |
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Vitamin A?
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Maintains vision.
Deficiency: xerophthalmia, blindness |
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Vitamin D?
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Helps to regulate calcium and bone metabolism.
Deficiency: rickets |
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Vitamin E?
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Protects cell membranes, DNA, and other electron dense areas from free radical damage.
Deficiency: hemolytic anemia in premature infants |
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Vitamin K?
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Helps the blood clot normally.
Deficiency: bleeding, bone problems |
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Thiamin?
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Removes carbon from energy metabolism to form carbon dioxide to exhale.
Deficiency: beri beri |
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What is the function of Riboflavin?
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Participates in several steps in the transformation of every fuels to ATP/
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Niacin?
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Participates in metabolic reactions in the cell as a hydrogen carrier.
Deficiency: pellagra |
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What is the function of Pantothenic Acid?
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Participates in the transformation of food energy into ATP.
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Folate?
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Can donate or accept carbon units in metabolic pathways in the cell.
Deficiency: neural tube defects in infants |
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What is the function of Vitamin B-12?
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Controls folate metabolism.
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Vitamin C?
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Promotes the synthesis of collagen found in connective tissue.
Deficiency: scurvy |
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What is a Carotenoid? What is the conversion?
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A form of provitamin A.
1 retinol activity equivalent= 1ug of retinol= 12ug of beta-carotene= 24ug of beta-cryptoxanthin/alpha-carotene |
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What is unique about Vitamin D?
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When ingested, it turns into the hormone Calcitrol.
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What are the symptoms of pellagra?
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The 4 D's.
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death |
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Where is vitamin B-12 found?
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Found specifically in fortified foods and animal products.
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What must supplement labels include?
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An FDA warning that these claims have not been evaluated by the agency.
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What are electrolytes?
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Ions with an electrical charge of wither positive or negative.
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How does the body control water in cellular compartments?
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By controlling ion movement and concentration.
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How does the body regulate temperature?
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Heat from exercise is transferred through sweat into the enviornment. The evaporation of the sweat removes some heat from the body.
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What is the RI of water?
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1 ml of water per kcal expended
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What is the difference between major and trace minerals?
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If the body requires at least 100 mg of a mineral it is a major mineral, otherwise it is a trace mineral.
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What is bioavailability?
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The ability to capture minerals from foods and absorb them.
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What product is more bioavailable and why, plant or animal?
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Animal products, because they don't have binders that chemically combine with the mineral.
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What is the function of Sodium?
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Participates in the transmission of nerve impulses, maintains acid base balance, maintains fluid balance, and assists in the absorption of glucose.
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Potassium?
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Works with sodium and calcium in muscle contraction, transmission of nerve impulses, acid-base and fluid base balance, and regulates several enzymes.
Deficiency: irregular heart beat, decreased pumping capacity |
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What is the function of Chloride?
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Participates in the formation of hydrochloric acid in the stomach.
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Calcium?
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Calcifies bones and teeth, aids in muscle contraction adn relaxation, blood clotting, regulation of enzymes, and conduction of nerve impulses.
Deficiency: osteoporosis |
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What is the function of Phosphorous?
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Aids in the strengthening of the bones and teeth and is combined with protein to form an array of important substances in the body.
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Magnesium?
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Aids in bone strengthening, regulation of hormones and enzymes, and muscle contraction.
Deficiency: sweating, nausea, vomiting |
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Iron?
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Required for the transport and storage of oxygen throughout the body.
Deficiency: anemia |
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Zinc?
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Helps protein and DNA synthesis and is a cofactor in almost 200 enzymes in the body.
Deficiency: poor growth |
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of iodine?
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Necessary to make the active hormone thyroxin.
Deficiency: goiter |
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What is the function and deficiency symptom of Copper?
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Defends against free radicals.
Deficiency: anemia, low white blood cell count, drecreased growth, bone loss |
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What is the function of Fluoride?
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Prevents tooth decay and promotes formation of healthy bones.
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Why is the absorption of iron important?
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Because the body cannot easily eliminate excess iron after absorption.
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What are the 3 types of iron?
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Heme: most absorbable, found in animal products
Non-heme:not absorbed well, found in plant products and some animal tissue Elemental: derived from cookware and supplements |
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How much energy does alcohol provide?
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7 kcals/gram
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Is alcohol a nutrient?
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No because our bodies don't require it for functions and it does not perform any structural role.
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What is the first organ involved in the absorption of alcohol?
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The stomach, then the small intestine, then into the bloodstream.
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What is the chief site for alcohol metabolism?
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The liver.
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What is the main enzyme used in alcohol metabolism?
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ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase)
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What can red wine do to improve health?
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The phenols may help to increse HDL cholestrol and decrease LDL cholestrol.
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What does excess intake of alcohol do to the body?
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Destroys brain cells, causes cirrhosis, fibrosis, and high blood pressure.
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What is the current reccomendation for daily alcohol use?
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No more than one drink for women, and two drink for men.
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How can light to moderate consumption of alcohol improve health?
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Can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke.
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What is cirrhosis?
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Chronic fat buildup in the liver, causing damage and scarring to the liver.
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What are the components to energy expenditure?
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Basal metabolism+Physical activity+Thermic effect of food.
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What is basal metabolism?
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the minimum amount of energy expenditure needed to maintain the involuntary (vital) activities in life.
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What is BMI?
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Body Mass Index. Used to determine an individual's risk for obesity related health disorders. Healthy BMI is 19-25.
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What is direct calorimetry?
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A process in which an air-tight chamber is used with an oxygen supply, allowing them to live and work in a tightly controlled enviornment. Heat produced and radiated can then be measured to determine energy expenditure.
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What is indirect calorimetry?
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Energy expenditure is measured by oxygen utilization.
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What health issue is related to android obesity?
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Related to a higher risk of heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes.
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To lose a pound of weight in a week, what is the kcal deficit you would need daily?
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500 kcal deficit daily
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What is considered a healthy blood pressure?
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120/70-80
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What is considered a healthy cholestrol level?
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Below 200 mg/dl
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What is considered a healthy blood glucose level?
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Anywhere between 70-125 mg/dl
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What type of cholestrol do we want to increase?
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We want to increase our HDL cholestrol and decrease our LDL cholestrol.
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