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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most widely used text/reference in American pharmacies?
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Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy
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What is posology?
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Study of dosage and the criteria that influences it
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What is Dosage Range?
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Term applying to the range between the minimum and maximum amounts of a give medication required to produce the desired effect
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What is Therapeutic Dose?
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Normal Adult Dose. Calculated on average adult male of 24 years who weighs approximately 150lbs.
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Two factors that affect dosage?
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Age and Weight
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Young's Rule?
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Age in years
-------------------- x adult dose Age in years+12 = child's dose |
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Body weight calculation for dose?
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Patients weight (kg) x Medication dose (mg) / 1 (kg) 19
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Clark's Rule?
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Weight in pounds
-------------------------- x adult dose 150 = child's dose |
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Other factors that influence dosage?
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Sex, Race, Occupation, Habitual Use, Time of administration, Frequency of administration, Mode of administration
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Methods of Administering Medications?
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Oral (enteral) and injection (parenteral)
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Example of Sublingual Medication
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Nitroglycerin
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Example of Buccal Medication
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Anesthetic Benzocaine
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Characteristics of parenteral medicatons
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Route must be pure, sterile, pyrogen-free (pyrogens are products of the growth of microorganisms), and in a liquid state.
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Local Effect?
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intended to relieve itching, burning, or other skin conditions without being absorbed into the bloodstream
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Systemic Effect?
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absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream
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"Right's of Medication Adminstration?
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Right patient, Right medication, Right dose, Right route, Right time, Right documentation
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Definition of medication
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any chemical substance that has an effect on living tissue but is not used as food
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Medications are classified according to set criteria and fall into three specific areas:
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General, Chemical, and Therapeutic
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Definition of Chemical Name
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relates to the chemical molecular structure
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Definition of Generic Name
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Derived from the chemical name. Most common name for medication
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Definition of Brand Name
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Proprietary name given by the manufacturer. Brand name is reffered to as the trade name.
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What is an Astringent?
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Medication that causes shrinkage of the skin and mucous membranes
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Examples of an Astringent
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Aluminum Acetate solution (Burow's Solution Domeboro), Calamine zinc Oxide, glycerin, and bentonite magma in clacium hydroxide (calamine lotion)
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What is an Emollient?
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Bland or fatty substances that may be applied to the skin to make it more pliable and soft
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Examples of Emollients
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Theobroma oil (cocoa butter), Petrlatum (petroleum jelly), and Zinc Oxide (relief of chaffing)
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Expectorants and Antitussives
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Commonly used in the symptomatic treatment of the common cold or bronchitis
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Expectorants Definiton
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known as bronchomucotropic agents. Used for removal of secretions or exudates from the trachea, bronchi, or lungs
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Antitussives Definition
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inhibit or suppress the act of coughing
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Examples of Expectorants and Antitussives
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Guaifenesin and Dextromethorphan (Robitussin DM), Guaifenesin and codeine phosphate (Robitussin AC)
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Nasal Decongestant Definition
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Reduce congestion and the swelling of mucous membranes
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Examples of Decongestants
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Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride (sudafed), Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride and Triprolidine Hydrochloride (Actifed), Pseudoephedrine and Guaifenesin (Mucinex D)
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Definition of a histamine
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Substance released by most cells distributed in connective tissues usually near blood vessels
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What is an antihistamine?
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Used to counteract the physical symptoms that are caused by histamines
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Examples of Antihistamines
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Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride (Benadryl), Chlorpheniramine Maleate (Chlor-Trimeton), Meclizine Hydrochloride (Antivert Bonine),
Dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) |
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Dramamine is used to treat what?
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Motion Sickness
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Chlor-Trimenton is used to treat what?
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Urticaria, and other allergic conditions
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What is a Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists?
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Block histamines that cause an increase of gastric acid secretion in the stomach. Effective on preventing peptic ulcers
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Examples of Histamine H2 Receptor Antagonists
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Cimetidine(Tagamet), Ranitidine(Zantac)
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What is Zantac's used for?
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Treament of GERD
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What are antacids?
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Used to counteract hyperacidity in the stomach.
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Examples of Antacids
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Magnesium Hydroxide (Milk of Magnesia USP), Aluminum Hydroxide Gel (Amphojel), Alumina and Magnesia Oral Suspension (Maalox)
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Antiseptic Definition
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Suppress the growth of microorganisms
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Germicides Definition
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Kill susceptible organisms
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Disinfectants Definition
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Disinfect inaminate objects and are primarily germicidal in their action
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Examples of Antiseptics, Germicides, and Disinfectants
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Phenol (Carbolic Acid), Povidine-iodine (Betadine), Isopropyl Alcohol (Isopropanol), Hexachlorophene (pHisoHex), Glutaraldehyde (Cidex), Hydrogen Peroxide, Silver Nitrate
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Definition of Sulfonamides
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Synthtically produced and are effective against both gram positive and gram negative organisms
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Examples of Sulfonamides
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Sulfisoxazole (Gantrisin)-treats UTI's and otitis media, Trimethoprin and Sufamethoxazole (Bactrim, Septra) UTI and otitis media,
Silver Sulfadiazine (Silvadene cream), burns |
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Penicillin G, Aqueous Treats?
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Meningococcal Menigitis, anthrax, and gonorrhea. IV only.
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Penicillin G, Benazathine (Bicillin LA) Treats?
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syphilis and upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcal (Group A) Bacteria
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Penicillin G Procaine, Aqueous (Wycillin) Treats?
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Uncomplicated pneumonia, middle ear and sinus infections, NUG and pharyngitis, and scarlet fever. Injection Only!
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Penicillin V Potassium (Pen-Vee K, Betapen-VK, V-Cillin K) Treats?
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URI, otitis media, sinusitis, bacterial endocarditis, and mild stapjhylococcal infection of the skin and soft tissue. Oral or powder.
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Dicloxacillin Sodium (Dynapen) Treats?
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Staphylococcal Infection
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Ampicillin (Polycillin) Treats?
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Shigella, salmonella, escheerichia coli, and gonorrhea
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Amoxicillin (Amoxil) Treats?
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Effective against shigella. Same effects as Ampicillin
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Amoxicillian and Clavulanate Potassium (Augmentin) Treats?
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Infections caused by bacteria, such as sinusitis, pneumonia, ear infections, bronchitis, urinary tract infection, and infections of the skin
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What is a cephalosporin?
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Semi-synthetic derivatives of cephalosporin C, an antimicrobial agent of fungal orgin.
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If someone is allergic to PCN what could they have a sensitivity to?
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Cephalosporin
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The incidence of cross-sensitivity is estimated?
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5 to 16 percent
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How many generations are cephalosporins seperated into?
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3, third generation agents have a much broader gram-negative spectrum than the earlier generations
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Examples of Cephalosporins
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Cefazolin Sodium (Ancef, Kefzol), Cephalexin (Keflex),
Cefprozil (Cefzil) |
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Cefazolin Sodium (Ancef, Kefzol) Treats?
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URI, septicemia, and bone and joint infections
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Cephalexin (Keflex) Treats?
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URI, otitis media, skin and skin structures, and genitourinary system
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Cefprozil (Cefzil) Treats?
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Pharyngitis, tonsilitis, otitis media, bronchitis, and mixed infections of the skin and skin structure.
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Tetracyclines should not be administered with what?
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Milk, milk products, antacids or iron preperations; they combine with metal ions to form non-asorbable compounds
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Tetracycline hydrochloride (Achromycin Sumycin) Treats?
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Rickettsiae, agents of lymphogranulomas venereum, and granuloma inguinale, and the spiraochetal agent of relapsing fever. Give 1 hour before meal or 2 hours after meal
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Doxycycline Hyclate (Vibramycin) Treats?
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Uncomplicated chlamydial, uncomplicated gonococcal infections, and malaria prophylaxis
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Minocycline (Hydrochloride) Minocin Treats?
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Same as Doxycycline and Tetracycline Hydrochloride
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What is an aminoglycoside?
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Inhibiting protein synthesis.
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Examples of aminoglycosides
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Gentamicin Sulfate (Garamycin), Tobramycin Sulfate (Nebcin), Neomycin Sulfate (Mycifradin)
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Gentamicin Sulfate (Garamycin) Treats?
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serious systemic infections of suspectible gram-negative organisms
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Tobramycin Sulfate (Nebcin) Treats?
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serious infections such as septicemia, menigits, and infections of the eye
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Neomycin Sulfate (Mycifradin) Treats?
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Skin infections, burn wounds, ulcers, and dermatoses
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Definition of Macrolides
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Antiobiotics constituting a large group of bacteriostatic agents that inhibit protein synthesis
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Macrolides are effective against?
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Gram-positive cocci and mycobacteria
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Erythromycin (E-Mycin, Ilotycin) Treats?
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gonorrhea, uncomplicated urethral, endocervical, and anal infections; earlier syphilis
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Clindamycin hydrochlorids (Cleocin) Treats?
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anaerobic organisms
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Vancomycin Hydrochloride (Vanocin) Treats?
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Endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and septicemia
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Azithromycin (Zithromax) Treats?
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Community-aquired pneumonia, otitis media, infections of the skin structure, STD's, chancroid, and bacterial sinusitis
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Examples of Antifungals
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Nystatin (Mycostatin), Griseofulvin (Gris-PEG, Fulvicin), Miconazole Nitrate (Monistat Micatin), Undecylenic acid (Desenex), Tolnaftate (Tinactin, Aftate), Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex)
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What is used to treat candidiasis?
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Nystatin (Mycostatin)
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What is used to treat chronic infection of the hair, nails, and skin?
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Griseofulvin (Gris-PEG, Fulvicin)
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What is used to cutaneous fungal infections and vulvovaginal candidiasis?
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Miconazole Nitrate (Monistat Micatin)
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What is used to treat tinea pedis?
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Undecylenic Acid (Desenex)
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What is a topical treatment of tinea pedis, tinea corporis, tinea capitis, and tinea versicolor?
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Tolnaftate (Tinactin, Aftate)
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What is a broad-spectrum antifungal that treats tinea pedis, tinea cruris, tinea corporis, and candidiasis?
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Clotrimazole (Lotrimin, Mycelex)
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What is an ectoparasite?
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Head lice and crab lice
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Examples of Antiparasitics
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Permethrin (Elimite/Nix), Metronidazole (Flagyl), Mebendazole (Vermox), Pyrantel pamoate (Antiminth), and Thiabendazole (Mintezol)
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What antiparasitic is used to treat head lice and crab lice?
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Permethrin (Elimite/Nix)
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What antiparasitic is used to treat amebiasis?
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Metronidazole (Flagyl)
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What is used to treat pinworm and roundworm infestations?
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Mebendazole (Vermox)
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What is used to treat infestations of hookworm, roundworm, pinworm, and whipworm?
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Pyrantel pamoate (Antiminth)
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What is used to destroy pinworms, roundworms, threadworms, hookworms, and whipworms?
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Thiabendazole (Mintezol)
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What antimalarial medication has contraindications with G-6-PD deficient personnel?
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Primaquine phosphate
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What antimalarial medication is used in treating acute malarail attacks?
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Chloroquine phosphate (Aralen)
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What anitmalarial medication is used for prevention or relapse of malaria caused by Pvivax and Povale?
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Primaquine phosphate
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Example of Laxatives
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Mineral Oil, Lactulose (Enulose), Bisacodyl (Dulcolax), Magnesium citrate (Citrate if magnesia), Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid (Metamucil), Ducosate Calcium (Surfak)
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Dulcolax takes how long before you see effects?
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6 to 12 hours
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What powder laxative takes 12 to 72 hours for the effects to occur.
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Psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid (Metamucil)
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What two diuretics are used for edema with congestive heart failure and other edematous conditions.
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Hydrochlrothiazide (Esidrix, Oretic) and Chlorthalidone (Hygroton)
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What diuretic is used to treat edema, congestive heart failure, cirrhosis of the liver and renal disease?
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Furosemide (Lasix)
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What medications is used for patients with glaucoma?
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Acetazolamide (Diamox)
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Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide (Dyazide, Maxzide) is used for?
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Edema, congestive heart failure, and other edematous conditions
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Non-Narcotic analgesics Definition
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Medications that relieve pain without producing unconsciousness or imparing mental capacities
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Relieve or reduce fevers
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Anti-pyretics
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Counteract of suppress inflammation or the inflammatory process
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Anti-inflammatory agents
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Aspirin is an?
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analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory medication
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Tylenol is an?
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Analgesic, and antipyretic
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Ibuprofen (Motrin) is an?
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Anti-inflammatory and is used to relieve pain
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Indometacin (Indocin) is an?
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Anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and analgesic properties
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What medication is used to relieve mild to moderate pain and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrheal, rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, and gout?
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Naproxen (Naprosyn, Anaprox)
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Mobic is used for?
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treatment of osteoathritis, rheumatoid athritis, and jevenile rheumatoid athritis
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Piroxicam (Feldene) is used for?
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Treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
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Chapter 21 of the The Manual of teh Medical Department (MANMED) covers what?
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Usage of central nervous system stimulants
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CNS stimulants are generally contraindicated in patients with?
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Hypertension, arteriosclerosis, symptomatic cardiovascular disorders, agitated states, glaucoma, or history of medication abuse
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What medication is used to treat ADD?
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Methylphenidate hydrochloride (Ritalin)
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Dextroamphetamine sulfate (Dexadrine) is used for what?
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Narcolepsy and obesity due to overeating
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Barbiturates are used for?
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Sedative-hypnotics, anticonvulsants, anesthetics for short anesthesia
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What CNS Depressant is used to treat convulsion disorders like petit mal epilepsy?
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Phenobarbital (Luminal)
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What medication is used for short-term treatment of insomnia?
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Pentobarbital (Nembutal)
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What medication is used for treatment of grand mal epilepsy?
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Phenytoin Sodium (Dilantin)
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What Opium/Opium Alkaloid is used to treat severe pain associated with myocardial infarction?
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Morphine Sulfate (Roxanol, MS Contin)
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Morphin Contraindications?
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Head injuries, acute alcoholism, and convulsive disorders
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What opium alkaloid is one-sixth of the analgesic power and one-fourth of the respiratory depressant effect of morphine?
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Codeine Sulfate
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What opium/opium alkaloid is a synthetic analgesic similar to morphine?
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Meperidine hydrochloride (Demerol)
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What Psychotherapeutic Agent is used for treating schizophrenia?
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Haloperidol (Haldol)
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What Psychotherapeutic Agent is used for treating nausea and vomiting?
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Thioridazine (Mellaril)
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Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride (Thorazine) is used for the treatment of what?
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Psychosis, tension, and agitation
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What medication is used to treat mani-depressive illness?
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Lithium (Eskalith, Lithonate)
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What medication is used to treat long-term treatment of depressive disorders?
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Amitriptyline Hydrochloride (Elavil)
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Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride (Librium) is used for?
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Antianxiety (Librium makes your body close to equilibrium)
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What Psychotherapeutic Agent is used for rapid-acting antiaxiety and antiemetic with antispasmodic and muscle relaxant?
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Hydroxyzine Pamoate (Vistaril Atarax)
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Diazepam (Valium) is used for?
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To treat mild to moderate depression with anxiety and tension
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Fluoxetine Hydrochloride (Prozac) is used for?
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Depression, bulimia nervosa, and obsessive compulsive disorders
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Ambien is used for?
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Insomnia
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What skeletal muscle relaxants is used as an adjunct therapy for the relief of discomfort associated with acute, painful musculoskeletal conditions?
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Methocarbamol (Robaxin)
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Flexril is used for what?
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Relief of muscle spasms
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What cardiovascular agent is used for all degrees of congestive heart failure and for various arrhythmias?
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Digoxin (Lanoxin)
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What cardiovascular agent is used for premature atrial and ventricular contractions and other arrhythmias?
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Quinidine Sulfate
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What medication is used to treat angina or used for the prevention of erection in adult males following circumcision?
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Amyl Nitrate
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What is used for treatment of angina pectoris?
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Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Bid)
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What is similar to Nitroglycerin in its antianginal action?
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Isosobide dinitrate (Isordil, Sorbitrate)
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What medication is given to prevent post-op thrombembolic complications of cardiac valve replacement?
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Dipyridamole (Persantine)
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Procainamide Hydrochloride (Pronstyl, Procan SR) is used for what?
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Premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, and atrial fibrillaton
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Verapamil (Isoptin) and Diltiazem (Cardizem) are used for what?
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angina pectoris and for management of hypertension
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What vasoconstrictor is used for acute bronchial asthma relief?
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Epinephrine (Adrenaline, Chloride, Susprine)
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Phenylephrine Hydrochloride (Neo-Synephrine) is used for what?
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shrink mucous membranes of the nose to relieve local congestion
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Afrin is used for?
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Relief of nasal congestion
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What anticoagulant is used for treament of prophylaxis and venous thrombosis?
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Heparin Sodium
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Warfarin Sodium (Coumadin) is used for?
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Treat emobolism in the prevention of occlusions
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What Vitamins are fat-soluable?
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A, E, K, D
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What vitamin is used for visual adaptation to darkness?
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Vitamin A (Retinol)
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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine Hydrochloride) is used for?
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Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) is used for?
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Coenzyme necessary in tissue respiratory processes
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Vitamin B3 (Niacin) is used for?
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Correction of Niacin deficiency and in the prevention and treatment of pellagra
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Vitamin B6 is used for?
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Coenzyme in the metabolism of protein, carboydrate, and fat
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Vitamin B12 is used for?
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growth, cell reproduction, and blood cell formation
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Vitamin C is used for?
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Prevention and cure of scurvy
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Vitamin D is used for?
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Regulation of calcium and phosphorous metabolism
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Vitamin E is used for?
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Antioxidant that prevents the destruction of red blood cells
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Vitamin K is used for?
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Formation of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors
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Nitrous Oxide is commonly called?
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Laughing gas
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Halothane (Fluothane) is used for?
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Inhalation anesthesia
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Ketamine Hydrochloride (Ketalar) is a general or local anesthetic?
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General
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Fentanyl and Droperidol (Innovar) is a combination anesthetic. What does it combine?
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Fentanyl (Narcotic) and Droperidol (Tranquilizer)
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Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Xylocaine) is a general or local anesthetic?
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Local
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True or False? Total dosage injected in 24 hours should not exceed 0.05g per patient when used with epinephrine?
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True
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True or False? Dibucaine (Nupercainal) is used as a topical local anesthetic on mucous membrances and may also be administered parenterally?
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True
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Proparacaine (Ophthectic, Ophthaine) is used for what procedures?
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Ophthalmic procedures
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Oxytocics are what?
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Medications that produce a rhythmic contraction of the uterus.
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What medicaton is used in the treatment of postpartum and post-abortal hemorrhage?
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Ergonovine Maleate (Ergotrate Maleate)
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What medication is used for intitation or improvement of uterine contractions or to control postpartum hemorrhage?
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Oxytocin (Pitocin)
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BUMEDINST 6230.15 covers?
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Immunizations and Chemoprophylaxis
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True or False? Anthrax immunization is admistered to prevent anthrax infection by any route of exposure due to spores or the bacteria Bacillus Anthracis?
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True
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What organization in 1980 declared the global eradication of naturally occurring smallpox?
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WHO (World Health Organization)
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What is considered the arithmetic of pharmacy?
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Metrology
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What is the Apothecaries' System?
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Basic unit of weight is the grain (gr) and the basic unit of the volume is the minim (m)
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What is the Avoirdupois System?
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Basic units are the dram (27.344 grains), ounce (16 drams), and pound (16 ounces)
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What are elixirs?
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Aromatic, sweetened hydroalcoholic solutions containing medicinal substances
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What are suspensions?
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Coarse dispersions comprised of finely divided insoluble material supsended in liquid medium
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