Hiv & Aids

Front 1

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) initiallly and officially "defined" AIDS after 100 cases were reported in:

Back 1

1982

Front 2

According to one study, the greasest numver of reported HIV cases were due to:

Back 2

Male homosexual contact

Front 3

The racial/ethnic group that has the highest rate of exposure due to injecton drug used among men is:

Back 3

Hispanics

Front 4

Postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) medications should be atarted within _____ after exposure but no longer than ________ to offer any benefit.

Back 4

2 hours; 72 hours

Front 5

Up to 85% of individuals infected with HIV will develop symptoms of AIDS within ____________ yeares agter infection.

Back 5

10 years

Front 6

Abormal laboratory findings seen with AIDS include:

Back 6

postive ELISA test

Front 7

One of the most frequent systemic side effects of anti-HIV drugs is:

Back 7

lipodystrophy syndrome

Front 8

The most common infection inpersons with AIDS is:

Back 8

pheumocystis carinii pneumonia

Front 9

at least 90% of individuals with AIDS experience

Back 9

candidiasis

Front 10

The minimum number of dailyl protein calories for 70 kg individual with AIDS-related "wasting syndrome" is:

Back 10

35

Front 11

The minimum numver of daily calories recommended for a 70kg individual with AIDS related "wasting syndrome" is:

Back 11

2800

Front 12

The most common malignancy seen with HIV infection is:

Back 12

Kaposis's sarcoma

Front 13

In the US, five states have the largest number of reported AID cases (1999 - 2000). Thety are:

Back 13

California, Florida, New York, Illilnois, and texas

Front 14

The two major means of HIV transmission are:

Back 14

Unprotected sex and the sharing of injection durg use equipment

Front 15

list five types of body fluids that can trasmit HIV -1:

Back 15

blood, seminal fluid, vaginal secretions, amniotic fluid, and breast milk

Front 16

HIV belongs to a group of viruses known as:

Back 16

retroviruses that carry their genetic material in the form of RNA

Front 17

List two of four selected laboratory tests used for diagnosing and tracking HIV:

Back 17

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA), western blot assay, viral load, and CD4/CD8 ratio

Front 18

Treatment decisions for HIV are based on three criteria:

Back 18

HIV-RNA viral load, CD4 T-cell count levels, and the clinical condition of the patient

Front 19

The four goals of treatment are

Back 19

maximum suppression of viral load, restoration/preservation of immunologic function, improved quality of life, and reduced HIV-related mortality and morbidity

Front 20

all anati-HIV drus work in one of two ways:

Back 20

Anti-HIV drugs attempt to block viral replication within cells by inhiviting either reverse transcriptase of HIV protease

Front 21

the initial manifestation of AIDS in more than 60% of patients is the appearance of

Back 21

Pneumocystis carnii pneumonia

Front 22

A recommended chemotherapeutic agent for Kaposi's sarcoma is:

Back 22

Alpha-interferon

Front 23

clinical Category A

Back 23

acute primary HIV infection; persistent generalized lymphadenopathy (PGL)

Front 24

Clinical Category B

Back 24

hairy leukoplakia; bacillary angiomatosis

Front 25

Clinical Category C

Back 25

histoplasmosis; Kaposi's sarcoma; pneumocystis carinii; extrapulmonary crytococcosis

Front 26

Describe the stage of HLIV disease known as primary infection

Back 26

period from infection with HIV to the development of antibodies to HIV. It is the time during which the viral burden set point is achived and includes the acute symptoms and early infection phases.

Front 27

Brenden is a 39-year-old homoslexual who has been recently diagnosed with AIDS. On initial assessment, the nurse identifies 2 major potential risk factors associated with AIDS:

Back 27

risky sexual practices and intravenous drug use

Front 28

Brenden is a 39-year-old homoslexual who has been recently diagnosed with AIDS. As part of her assessment, the nurse checks Brenden for candidiasis. To do this, she would inspect Brenden's:

Back 28

oral cavity

Front 29

Brenden is a 39-year-old homoslexual who has been recently diagnosed with AIDS. Assessment data indicated dehydration as evidenced by:

Back 29

urine specific gravity grater than 1.025

Front 30

Brenden is a 39-year-old homoslexual who has been recently diagnosed with AIDS. The assessment data indicates five possible collaborative problems

Back 30

opportunistic infections, impaired breathing or respiratory failure, wasting syndrome, fluid and electrolyte imbalance.

Front 31

Brenden is a 39-year-old homoslexual who has been recently diagnosed with AIDS. The nurseadvises Brenden to avoid certainl foods that are bowel irritants to prevent diarrhea. She advises him not to eat:

Back 31

popcorn

Front 32

Brenden is a 39-year-old homoslexual who has been recently diagnosed with AIDS. to improve Brenden's nutritional status, the nurse would:

Back 32

encourage him to rest before eating, limit fluids 1 hour before meals, serve five to six small meals per day

Front 33

alpha-interferon:

Back 33

protein substance that the body produces in response to infection

Front 34

anergy

Back 34

loss or weakening of the body's immunity to an irritating agent or antigen

Front 35

B-cell lymphoma

Back 35

common malilgnancy in patients with HIV/AIDS

Front 36

candidiasis

Back 36

yeast infection of skin or mucous membrane

Front 37

CCR5

Back 37

cell surface molecule that is needed along with the CD4 molecule to fuse with the membranes of the host's immune sylstem cells

Front 38

cytomegalovirus

Back 38

a species-specific herpes virus that may cause retinitis in people with AIDS

Front 39

EIA (ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY)

Back 39

a blood test taht determines that presence of antibodies to HIV in the blood or saliva; also referred to as enzykme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)/ positive results must be validated, usually with Western blot test.

Front 40

HIV-1

Back 40

retrovirus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS

Front 41

HIV-2

Back 41

virus closely related to HIV-1 that has also been found to cause AAIDS

Front 42

HIV encephaloppathy

Back 42

degenerative neurologic condition characterized by a group of clinical presentationms including loss of coordination, mood swings, loss of inkhibitions, and widespread cognitive dysfunctions; formerly referred to as AIDS dementia complex (ADC)

Front 43

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

Back 43

virus that causes venereal warts

Front 44

Kaposi's sarcoma

Back 44

malignancy that involves the epithelial layer of blood and llymphatic vessels

Front 45

macrophage

Back 45

large immune cell that devours invading pathogens and other intruders. Can harbor large quantities of HIV without being killed, acting as reservoir of the virus.

Front 46

monocyte

Back 46

large white blood cell that ingests microbes or other cells and foreign particles. When a monocyte enters tissues, it develops into a macrophage

Front 47

opportunistic infection caused by mycobacteral organismw that commonlycauses a respiratory illness but can also infect other body systems.

Back 47

Mycobacterium avium comples (MAC)

Front 48

opportunistic infection(OI)

Back 48

illness caused by various organisms, some of which usually do not cause disease in persons with normal immune systems

Front 49

p24 antigen

Back 49

blood test that measures viral core protein; accuracy of tesst is limited because the p24 antibody binds with the antigen and makes it undetectable

Front 50

peripheral neuropathy

Back 50

disorder characterrized by sensory loss, pain, muscle weakness, and wasting of muscles inl the hands or legs and feet

Front 51

Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP)

Back 51

common opportunistic lung infection caused by an organism, initially thought to be a protozoan but now believed to be a fungusbased on its structure

Front 52

polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Back 52

a sensitive laboratory technique that can detect and qukantify HIV in a person's blood or lymph nodes

Front 53

primary infection

Back 53

4 to 7 week kperiod of rapid viral replication immediately following infection; also known as acute HIC infection

Front 54

progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML)

Back 54

opportunistic infection that infects brain tissue and causes damage to the brain and spinal cord

Front 55

protease inhibitor

Back 55

medication taht inhibits the funciton of protease, an enzykme needed for HILV replication

Front 56

provirus

Back 56

viral genetic material in the form of DNA that has been integrated into the host genome. When it is dormant in human cells, HIV is in a proviral form

Front 57

retrovirus

Back 57

a vilrus that carries genetic material in RNA il;nstead of DNA and constailns reverse transcriptase

Front 58

reverse transacriptase

Back 58

enzyme thattransforms single-stranded RNA into a double stranded DNA

Front 59

viral load test

Back 59

measures the quantilty of HIV RNA in the blood

Front 60

vilral set point

Back 60

amount of virus present in the blood after the ilnitial burst of vilremia and the immune response that follows

Front 61

wasting syndrome

Back 61

involuntary weight loss of 10% of baseline body weight with chronic diarrhea or chronic weakness and documented fever

Front 62

western blot assay

Back 62

a blood test that identifies antibodies to HIV and is used to confirm the results of an EIA (ELISA) test

Front 63

window period

Back 63

time from infection with HIV until seroconversion detected on HIV antibody test

Front 64

Interpretation of Positive Test Results

Back 64

1. Antibody to HIV are present in the blood.
2. HIV is active in teh body, and the patient can transmit the virus to others
3. Despite HIV infectionm, the patient does not necessarily have AIDS
4. The patient is not immune to AIDS

Front 65

Interpretation of (-) test results

Back 65

1. antibodies to HIV are not present in the blood at this time, which can mean that the patient has not been infected with HIV or, if infected, the body has not yet produced antibodies (which takes from 3 weeks to 6 months or longer)
2. The patient shoul continue taking precautions. The test result does not mean that the patient is immune to the virus, nor does it mean the patient is not infected; it just means that the body amy not have producd antibodies yet.

Front 66

A client who is newly diagnosed with myultiple myeloma asks the physician what treatment will be necessary. The nurse should expect the physician to reply:

Back 66

"Chemotherapy employing a combination of drugs."

Front 67

a client with multiple myeloma is scheduled to have a chest x-ray examination and a bene scan. for this client, the primary responsibility of the nursing and radiology staff is to:

Back 67

Handle the client with supportive movements - because of bone erosion, pathological fractures are a frequent complicaton on multiple myeloma

Front 68

The diagnostic finding most specific for multiple myeloma is

Back 68

bence-jones protein in the urine

Front 69

A 26 year old client with a history of chronic myelogenous leukemia and splenomeagly is admitted to the hospital, ?The nurse should expect this client to haave:

Back 69

A tender mass in the left upper abdomen - Splenomegaly usually accompanies chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML); it is usually gross, papable, and tender and necessitates removal; the spleen ils located high in the abdomen on the left side and is not usually palpable unless it is enlarged.

Front 70

When obtaining a health history from a young client with probable acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), the clinical manifestations that nurse should expect to be present are;

Back 70

anorexia, petechiae - because of bone marrow depression and repidly proliferating leukocytes; anorexia is a general response to many illnesses

Front 71

A client who is suspected of having leukemia has a bone marrow aspiration. Immediately following the procedure, the nurse should:

Back 71

Brief pressure is generally enough to prevent bleeding

Front 72

The laboratory results for a client following chemotherapy for cancer indicate bone marrow depression. The nurse should encourage the client to:

Back 72

use elecric razor when shaving - suppression of bone marrow increass bleeding susceptibility associated with decreased platelets

Front 73

An elderly client develops severe bone marrow depression from chemotherapy for cancer of the prostate. The nurse should

Back 73

use a soft toothbrush for his oral hygiene - Thrombocytopenia occurs with most chemotherapy; using a soft toothbrtush helps prevent bleeding gums

Front 74

The nurse should plan to teach a client with pancytopenia caused by chemotherapy to:

Back 74

Avoid traumatic injuries and exposure to any infection - reduced platelets increase the likelihood of uncontrolled bleeding; reduced lymphocytes incease susceptibility to infection

Front 75

The physician has decided to use total nodal irradiation in conjunction with chemotherapy for a young female client with stage IIIA Hodgkin's disease. The client tells the nurse she wants to have children and is quite concerned that the radiation therapy include the pelvic nodal areas. When questioned about this, the nurse should refer the client to the physician. because the nurse should be qware that:

Back 75

The ovaries can be surgically removed and placed in a shielded area - Women in the childbearing years should be informed of all options abailabel to pr3serve ovarian funciton