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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
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blitzkreig |
- "lightning war" - type of warfare used by germany to invade poland, france, soviet union -made trench warfare obselete, no stalemate -new and effiecient weapons allowed nazis to conquer enemies quickly -improved tanks, fighter planes, paratroopers, mechanized vehicles -german army would bypass strong points and cut off enemy supply |
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why was canada not automatically at war when britain declared war on germany |
-statue of Westminster (1931) gave canada control over its foreign affairs -canada declared war on germany on Sep 10 1939 |
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why did the french think they were safe from germany??? |
- built the Maginot Line across their border with Germany -underground tunnels, tank traps, other weapons -thought to be invincible -germany just went around it |
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Dunkirk |
-May 27 - June 4, 1940 -a port town in northern france with access to the english channel -340 000 british and french soldiers escaped capture here by crossing the english channel and escaping to england -daring escape, with help from fishermen -soldiers would later form the core of allied armies that would invade Nazi-occupied europe |
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LONG TERM CAUSES OF WW2 |
1.FAILURE TO ENFORCE TREATY OF VERSAILLES -enforcement fell largely on britain and france -major powers (USA and Soviet Union) didnt sign -not enough resources to enforce -some people though treaty was too harsh on germany 2.FAILURE OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS -league lacked authority and resources to take meaningful action -didnt stop japan invasion of manchuria (1931) -couldnt punish mussolini when italy invaded ethiopia (1935) -failure encouraged aggressor countries to increase their demands 3.THE GREAT DEPRESSION -countries were more focused with economic problems -hitler most likely elected bc of depression -hitler blamed the jews for germany's economic problems, creating strong feelings of anti-semitism 4.COMPETITION FOR NATURAL RESOURCES AND MARKETS -some countries like japan lacked natural resources -sought external markets in the pacific to get cheap and plentiful natural resources 5.FAILED POLICY OF APPEASEMENT -no one wanted another world war -gave into aggressor demands to avoid conflict e.g. germany acquiring austria and czechoslovakia -neville chamberlain 6.RISE OF TOTALITARIAN REGIMES -dictatorships in italy, soviet union, spain, germany -military autocracy in japan -bc of great depression 7.FEAR OF COMMUNISM -atheism and loss of personal freedom -possibility that hitler would attack russia and destroy communism made people less critical of him 8.ELECTION OF HITLER (1933) -1933/withdraws germany from league of nations -1935/introduces conscription -1936/marches troops into the demilitarized rhineland -1938/ Anschulss austria annexed by germany -1938-39/munich agreement give hitler the sudetenland, hitler annexes rest of czechoslovakia -aug 23 1939/nazi-soviet pact signed |
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SHORT TERM CAUSES OF WW2 |
1. THE GERMAN INVASION OF POLAND -Sept. 1 1939 -germany invades poland using blitzkrieg -Sept 3/ france and britain declare war on germany -Sept 10/ canada declares war on germany |
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league of nations |
-created in 1920 -hq in geneva switzerland -international organization to resolve disputes btwn countries and maintain world peace -planned to stop aggressor countries by using trade sanctions and force |
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why didnt the usa join the league of nations?? |
-didnt want to get involved in other nations' affairs -didnt want to participate in another world war -adopted policy of isolationism -didnt sign treaty of versailles either -this hurt the league's reputation, authority, and power -couldn't enforce things like treaty of versailles |
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WHY DID GERMANY INVADE POLAND |
1.wanted to aquire territory lost bc of the ToV -polish city of danzing -polish corridor which seperated east prussia 2.wanted more living space (Lebensraum) for growing german population 3.hitler didnt think britain and france would declare war -had introduced conscription and marched troops into the rhineland (violation of ToV) -annexed austria, the sudetenland, and rest of czechoslovakia 4.signed non-aggression pact with soviet union -SovietUnion wouldnt interfere with hitler plan -SECRET CLAUSE - hitler and stalin agreed to divide poland among them 5.nazis viewed the Poles as Untermensch (inferior peoples) 6.nazis believed Polish military forces were inferior and could be easily defeated -Sept 27 1939//poland surrenders |
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why didnt the league of nations help people |
-member countries in the midst of the great depression -far away disputes didnt threaten them -CANADA- king feared another major war and conscription crisis Result -aggressor countries noticed and became more aggressive with demands+actions |
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methods the Fascists used to increase their power |
-suspected enemies were imprisoned/executed without a trial -propaganda used to influece people -belief that Fascist imperialism+militarism would create a new Roman empire -military service made mandatory -civil liberties (e.g. freedom of press+speech) were taken away |
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how did hitler copy the italian fascists |
-believed in dictatorship and rule of one man+one party -demanded loyalty to their country and total obedience to their leader -used symbols like flags, banners, slogans, mass rallies, and uniform to unify the people -used propaganda extensively |
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targets of nazi racism |
-democracy -ToV -peace -communism -Jews -homosexuals -the League of Nations -preached racism and attacked Jewish people, blaming them for germany's problems -purpose:to unify german people and make them more loyal to hitler+german state |
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appeasment |
-giving into aggressor demands to avoid conflict -people supported it bc -wanted to avoid another world war -had to focus on great depression problems -allowed britain more time to prepare for potential war -some felt ToV was too harsh on germany -giving into aggressor demands encouraged them to make more demands -made aggressors more popular at home and strengthened their hold on power |
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winston churchill |
-had courage+vision+inspired others -promised british an allied victory over Nazis -refused to surrender to Nazis when there was pressure on him to -did not trust hitler's promises -knew hitler would become more powerful if allies gave into his demands |
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why did hitler want to invade russia? why was this a mistake |
-invaded russia on June 22 1941 -3 million soldiers for Operation Barbarossa -lots of natural resources -wanted lebensraum living space -wanted to enslave russia MISTAKE -russia is very could in the winter german army didnt prepare for the cold -hitler didn't listen to his generals and exposed germany to a two front war |
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roles of canadian women in ww2 |
-nurses -drivers -firefighters -clercks -typists -munitions workers -other supportive roles -not allowed in combat roles |
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WHY DID JAPAN ATTACK PEARL HARBOUR |
1.neutralize american naval power in the pacific -supposed to destroy american battleships and aircraft carriers 2.conquer territories that could provide natural resources like oil and rubber -after attack, japan conquered the dutch east indies, burma, new guinea, the solomon islands, guam, indochina, british malaya, and the philippines 3.buy time for japan to prepare defensive positions in the pacific -1940 vinson-walsh act was to increase us navy size by 70% 4.destroy american morale |
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ALLIED AIR POWER |
-Strategic Bombing -Steel factories, -hydro-electric plants -railways -air fields -radar stations -Long Range Bombing Missions -4000 km - 7000 km -Reconnaissance -Shooting down enemy fighters/bombers -Transporting supplies/soldiers -Dropping paratroopers -Attacking ground forces -Protecting allied convoys -Achieve air superiority -Break enemy morale |
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ALLIED NAVAL POWER |
-Wage Unrestricted Submarine Warfare -Sink an enemy warship, commercial vessel, or passenger ship without warning or help to survivors -Escort and protect Allied convoys -Sink enemy supply ships -Aircraft Carriers -Support Amphibious landing operations by bombarding the shore -Transport allied forces from sea to land -Capture key islands in the Pacific to be used as air bases to bomb Japan -Transport ammo, weapons, fuel, vehicles, soldiers, and other supplies -Laying sea mines -Using submarines to rescue downed Allied pilots -Conducting patrols and mine-sweeping operations -Hunt and destroy enemy submarines |
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ALLIED GROUND POWER |
-Gather intelligence -Commando raids -Encircle and cut off ground forces -Carrying out ground attacks under the cover of fog, smoke, or darkness with covering fire -Spearhead attacks on the weakest points in the enemy defenses -Using a multitude of support weapons to break through enemy lines -Calling in airstrikes -Seize key bridges, railway lines, roadways, hills- -Use concealment and camouflage to gain element of surprise and hide from enemies -Using minefield and anti-tank barriers to channel the enemy forces into specially designed “kill zones” -Repel enemy counter attacks |
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why was stalin suspiscious of churchill and roosevelt |
-thought churchill and roosevelt were deliberatley delaying an invasion of Western europe to permit nazi troops to destroy the russian communist government |
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THE DIEPPE RAID |
-August 19th 1942 -Dieppe//coastal town in northern france -wanted to test nazi defenses and gain experience for the future invasion of europe -raid failed bc british commanders who planned it had little experience for such an operation -poorly planned -element of surprise was lost when german ships opened fire on the convoy transporting allied troops lessons learned -serious mistakes in planning of attack -heavy naval+air bombardment of german defenses would have to take place first, then send troops in -element of surprise had to be preserved -nazis were well prepared for any future assault on french coast canadian cost -901 canadians killed -2000 canadians captured |
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why was 1942 such a bad year for the allies? |
-german u-boat threat in atlantic ocean continued and prevented canadian/american ships from reaching britain -german armies marched deeper into the soviet union -japan continued pacific expansion -germany seemed to control most of northern africa and had invaded egypt |
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stalingrad |
-July 17th 1942-February 2nd 1943 -hitler did not listen to generals and ordered troops to take stalingrad, even though it was unnecessary -russian forces stopped nazis at stalingrad and began to push them out of russia -hitler ordered no retreat and to fight to the last man -330 000 german troops captured or killed -russian victory at stalingrad marked end of Nazi expansion and beginning of Nazi defeat |
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allied victories in 1943 |
-battle of stalingrad -massive bombing of german cities and factories -surrender of 300 000 german+italian troops in north africa -allied invasion of italy and capture of sicily -sonar+depth charges reduce u-boat menace in Atlantic Ocean |
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WHY DID THE ALLIES CHOOSE NORMANDY AS THE LOCATION FOR THE D-DAY INVASION ON JUNE 6TH 1944 |
1.beaches at Normandy were suitable for a large-scale amphibious landing -landing beaches were large and stable enough to accomodate all ships+mechanized vehicles -motorized vehicles could cross sandy beaches with reduced difficulty 2.would be in full range for allied fighters and bombers -allied aircraft and paratroopers would be able to attack german positions on the ground 3.allied forces would be closer to Paris 4.would place allied forces closer to the german industrial heartland -many german factories located along the Rhine River -destroying these factories would hurt germany's war effort 5.would be close enough at britain so that supplies could be continuously brought in to france -allied forces would never be short of supplies and could sustain a long military campaign 6,german defenses at Calais would be stronger -hitler was expecting allies to land at Calais |
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d-day |
-june 6th 1944//DELIVERANCE DAY -beginning of the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe by allies -hitler was fighting on two fronts |
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unconditional surrender |
-no terms offered for the surrender of a country (germany) -germany would have to accept whatever conditions the victors made when the surrender took place -allies did not want to negotiate with the Nazis because of the bitterness of the war and huge loss of life+property |
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why was the atomic bomb dropped on Japan |
-to shorten the war -to reduce american casualties -very high in the pacific -Iwo Jima+Okinawa-->60 000 american casualties -american commanders estimated that invading japan could cost up to 1 million american casualties |
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WHY DID THE AXIS POWERS LOSE IN WW2 |
1.hitler sparing the British Expiditionary Force (BEF) and french army at Dunkirk 2.failure to win the Battle of Britain 3.italy's failed invasion of greece 4.germany's failed invasion of soviet union 5.intervention of the United States 6.Japanese attacking Pearl Harbour 7.Hitler's declaration of war on the USA 8.hitler didn't always listen to the advice of his commanders - operation barbarossa 9.failure to prepare for russian winter 10.resistance from Soviet Red Army 11.german defeat at stalingrad 12.north african campaign defeat 13.german defeat at the tank Battle of Kursk 14.poor choice of allies 15.hitler had to fight on two fronts 16.no alliance between germany, spain, and turkey 17.USA got the atomic bomb first 18.allied had superior -resources -industrial production -air+naval superiority -number of people, manpower 19.allies broke the German Enigma Code and japanese naval codes 20.japanese economy was dependent on the importation of foreign oil 21.allies continued to improve their technological capabilities |
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factors that led to so many people being killed in ww2 |
-55 million people died -30 million refugees -most of the dead were civillians -large conscripted armies -unprecedented mass production on weapons -technology made war machines more deadly and effective -long range heavy bombers could destroy entire cities -war was fought on several different continents |
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UN and Security Council |
-24 October 1945//UN officially comes into existence -two major bodies -general assembly -security council -SC consisted of 5 strongest countries at the time -USA, Britain, France, China, Russia -any one country on the security council could veto any proposal made by the general assembly -had control over any decisions made by UN Mistake?? -could paralyze the UN and its efforts for world peace -UN could do nothing to stop aggressor countries if they were on the security council |
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why did roosevelt ignoer churchill's warnings about stalin's intentions? |
-he did not want to offend stalin and start another world war -he was suspicious of Churchill and his plans to re-establish britain as a world power -if roosevelt listened to churchill, the allies would have occupied much of eastern europe |
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National Resources Mobilization Act |
-authorized limited conscription of Canadian men to defend canada only (home defence) -french canadians accepted it bc it did not force them to go overseas and fight in a war that did not directly involve canada |
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how did king handle the conscription crisis in 1944 |
-brought in limited conscription only men who were already trained to fight were conscripted -16 000 men conscripted and fought overseas -compromise reluctantly accepted by english and french canadians |
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changes in canada's economy once war was declared |
-full employment -hundreds of thousands of canadians hired for new war industries -victory bonds issued by the federal gov. to pay for the war -wage+price controls brought in to keep inflation down and maintain purchasing power of the dollar -rationing introduced -peacetime factories converted to war-related production -thousands of military machines produced and sent overseas -1945//over 800 000 war vehicles had been produced -1942//$2.5 billion was being spent on canada's war industry -1940-1942//total industrial production increased by 47% |
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japanese canadians |
-Dec 7, 1941//Pearl Harbour -lived on pacific coast and owned fishing boats -might supply japanese with secret information or help them invade canada actions taken under the War Measures Act -property was seized and auctioned off at cheap prices to pay for their internment -removed from their homes+relocated in internment camps -lost their livelihoods, jobs, everything -had no rights -were fingerprinted,photographed,given an ID number -had to carry ID cards with them at all times -men were often separated from families and forced to work on farms or repair roads |
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National Film Board and Canadian Broadcasting Company |
-NFB made propaganda films to bring Canadians together and reinforce their determination to win the war -CBC Radio reported the most recent events happening in Europe to keep Canadians informed of the war effort |
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how did King respond to the rising popularity of the CCF party |
-recognized that canadians wanted more security and benefits in their lives -introduced -baby bonus -old age pension -unemployment insurance benefits |
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THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN |
-July 10, 1940-Oct 31, 1940 -after taking france, hitler issued orders to prepare and invasion of britain -before marching troops across English channel, the Royal Air Force (RAF) had to be neutralized/eliminated to achieve air superiority over the english channel -britain fought over their own territory, had the advantage of radar, and had better planes -invasion had to be postponed because of weather - channel would be too rough to cross -britain won |
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THE BATTLE OF HONG KONG |
-Dec 8, 1941- Dec 25, 1941 -14 000 British, Indian, and Canadian troops faced 50 000 Japanese soldiers -very outnumbered and under prepared -very violent hand to hand combat -strategic location - churchill wanted them to fight to the end -hong kong surrendered on Dec 25. 1941 -captured soldiers faced inhumane conditions in Japanese POW camps |
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holocaust stats |
-between 5-6 million Jewish deaths -over 3 million Soviet POW -2 million Soviet Civilians killed -over 1 million Polish Civilians killed -over 1 million Yugoslav Civilians killed -70 000 men, women, and children with mental+physical disabilities killed -over 200 000 gypsies killied -UNKNOWN AMOUNTS KILLED -political prisoners -resistance fighters -deportees -homosexuals |
