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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Explain the results of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty
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-Major disputes over boundaries between Maine and the Canadian province (Newbrunswick)
-Canadian lumberjacks and Maine milita fought -Daniel Webster made an agreement with British govt.(lord Ashburton) -The treaty gave over half of the territory to the US and established northeastern boundaries with Canada |
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Describe who encouraged U.S. citizens to immigrate to Texas in the 1820's
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-mexican oficials
-Mexico granted Stephen Austin a large piece of land in hopes that it would bring settlers |
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Name the major problems between U.S. citizens in Texas & the Mexican government
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-status of slavery- mex. freed all slaves but texans were given special exemptions
-Authority of the Catholic church- whites didn't want to become mex. Mex. wanted whites to adopt Roman catholic faith -Mexican congress prohibited further american immigration and imports of slaves to texas - mex wouldn't grant texans local self govt. -Santa Anna became dictator of mex. and abolished federal system calling americans "tolerated guests" |
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List the major campaigns of the Texas Revolution
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-Battle of Gonzalez- 1st battle between texans and mex. Texans were resisting customs
-Battle of the Alamo- happened a few days after texas declared itself a republic. 187 whites fought a lrg number mex. for more than a week. 50 texans captured Goliad (350 people executed) -Same Houston and army assaulted Santa Anna's troops near San Jacinto river 630 mex killed but only a handful of texans -Santa Anna was captured and forced to sign treaties for texas independence |
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Name the "Hero of San Jacinto."
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Sam Houston
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Describe what happened when Texas tried to enter the U.S. in 1836
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-Jackson feared a war with mexico and made immediate annexation impossible
-Jackson gave Texans a formal recognition of sovereignty |
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Explain why the Mormons traveled to Utah
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- to establish a thriving colony near the Great Salt Lake
-wanted to restore pure religion by founding the western Zion -wanted to practice their faith unmolested -wanted to convert Native Americans |
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Describe how President Tyler annexed Texas
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-Manifest destiny (expand until it absorbed all of America)
-popular in the south where people liked slaves -Tyler broke from the WHIGS and ran for president -hired John Calhoun (slavery defender) |
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Discuss the candidates & results of the presidential election of 1844
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-Polk *winner*(D) speaker of the house, expansionist, annexation of Texas
- Clay and Birney |
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Name the winner of the presidential election of 1844
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James Polk
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Describe the basic tenets of Manifest Destiny
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-God was on the side of American expansion
-free development, spread of America, meant "extending areas of freedom" -pop growth required the outlet that territorial acquisitions would provide economic opportunities |
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Explain how the Oregon boundary question was solved
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-British govt. offered new treaty to split Oregon (us got Puget sound, Britain got Vancouver)
-Polk refused to make a decision so he submitted it to the Senate for advice. -They recommended its acceptance |
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Explain why the U.S. went to war with Mexico in 1846
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-Mexico rejected Texas' claims to unsettled territory between Nueces river and Rio grande
-When Texas assumed the claim, Mexico broke off diplomatic relations -They didn't want to sell NM or Cali |
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Name the major campaigns & U.S. military leaders in the Mexican War
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*Taylor- fought north of the Rio, taking Matamoros, Buena Vista, and Monterrey
*General Scott-attacked Veracruz, Mex city, Cerro Gordo *Kearny- captured Santa fe, annexed NM *Fremont- Cali |
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Explain the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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-gave NM and Cali to the US for 15 million
-Rio Grande was a border between Texas and Mex. -US govt. would assume claims of Americans against Mex. -Mexican residents in the new territories would become US citizens |
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Name the chief U.S. negotiator of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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-Nicholas Trist
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Name the institution that transformed the U.S. economy in the 1840's & 1850's
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-Railroad
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Explain how railroads transformed the economy
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-spurred development of domestic iron industry
-established new methods for financing business enterprise (sold stock to general public) -govt. gave assistance (land grants. bought their stocks, guaranteed their bonds) |
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Describe the results of the factory system
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-mass production
-supervised workforce -cash wages to workers -use of interchangeable parts "continuous process" -affected manufacturing: textile, shoes, sewing, iron, steel plow, reapers, seed drills |
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List the countries that produced large numbers of immigrants to the U.S. in the 1840's & 1850's
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Ireland and Germany
*secondary countries; Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Netherlands |
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Explain the status of slavery in future states under the Constitution.
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-Constitution had not predetermined the status of slavery
-Congress had the power to admit new states to the Union under any conditions it wished |
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Describe the results of the attempt to pass the Wilmot Proviso
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-party lines crumbled and were replaced by a sharp sectional cleavage
-Northern congressman voted for it, South against -after passing in the house, it was blocked in the Senate -free soil, slavery could be extended |
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Describe the basic tenets of popular (or squatter) sovereignty
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-leave the determination of the status of slavery in a new territory in the hands of the settlers
-could vote up or down at the 1st meeting of a territorial legislature |
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Name the major political supporters of popular (or squatter) sovereignty
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Democratic Party- Lewis Cass
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Name the presidential candidates & winner in the election of 1848
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-Taylor, Cass, Van Buren
*Taylor won |
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Describe the basic parts of the Compromise of 1850
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-admit Cali as a free state
-organize Mex. cession w/o Wilmot Proviso -resolve boundary disputes between NM and TX granting the region to NM while compensating TX -Prohibiting slave trade in District Columbia -promitted abolition of slavery with the consent of the district whites -more effective Fugitive Slave laws |
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Name the presidential candidates & winner in the election of 1852
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-Pierce, Scott, Hale
Pierce won (D) |
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Explain why Stephen A. Douglas introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Bill in 1854
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-he hoped the railroad would be built from Chicago to the Pacific, expanding settlement and commerce.
-He didn't want the controversy over slavery in the new territories to slow down construction -hope it would revive the spirt of manifest destiny |
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Explain the results of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill.
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-catastrophic effects on sectional harmony
-refuse to accept the Missouri compromise, something the north viewed necessary to the survival of the Union -made concessions to south on issues of slavery w/o providing concessions to north -started the north selectionalist fight to regain what was lost -southerner fight to maintain rights conceded |
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Explain the origins & beliefs of the Know-Nothing Party
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-Native-born were suspicious of Catholic-Irish and Germans in American cities
-created "order of the star spangled banner" in NY -anti-immigrant, anti-catholic -wanted to undercut immigrant voting, and put aliens in there place -wanted expansion of slavery -opposed Kansas-Nebraska Act |
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Explain the origins of the Republican Party
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-outgrowth of the anti-Nebraska coalition of 1854
-first used in Wisconsin and Michigan where Know-nothing failed -A new name was required because free-soil Dem. refused to march under WHIG banner or support any candidate for high office who called himself a WHIG |
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Describe the origins of Bleeding Kansas
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-result of Kansas-Nebraska act
-border war between proslavery and anti-slavery forces in bleeding Kansas -Missouri and Kansas "North and South" -Pierce refused recognition of "free states" but Congress defended it -raiding of Lawrence led to small scale civil war |
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Name the presidential candidates & winner in the election of 1856
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-Buchanan, Fremont, Filmore
-Buchanan won (D) |
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Discuss the findings of the Dred Scott case
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-No African (slave or free) could be a citizen
-Scott could not have one because his residence in Wisconsin established no right to freedom because Congress had no power to prohibit slavery there -Missouri compromise was declared unconstitutional and called for exclusion of slavery from all territories - he was a slave that sued for his freedom |
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Discuss the intent of the Lecompton Constitution
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-Kansas draft constitution and seek admission to the Union as a slave state
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Explain the principles & results of the Lincoln-Douglas debates.
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- the immortality of slavery
-constitutional restriction on expansion of slavery -Lincoln lost the Senate seat, but established his reputation as a star of the Rep. party -sharpened the Rep. stance against slavery and undercut any chance of fusion between Rep. and Dem |
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Describe the results of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859
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-10 of Brown's men (2 sons) died
-raiders were tried for treason against the state of Virginia -Northerners sympathized, Southerners feared -Raid incited fear, repression and mobilization -an attempt to start an armed slave revolt -was later found guilty and hung |
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Explain the course & results of the Speaker's race in 1859.
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-"the impending crisis of the south" by Hinton Helper calling on lower-class whites to fighter planter dominance and abolish slavery
-Sherman used Helpers book as a campaign trick -Southern Congressmen threatened secession if Sherman was elected -Sherman's name was withdrawn and replaced by Pennington (who didn't endorse Helper's book) -Pennington won the seat |
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Name the presidential candidates & winner in the election of 1860
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-Lincoln, Breckinridge, Douglas, Bell
*Lincoln won (R) |
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Describe the basic beliefs of the Republican Party in 1860.
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-economic priority
-equal opportunity for all -halt the expansion of slavery -less controversial nominee |
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Describe the basic beliefs of the Democratic Parties in 1860
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-Douglas (North) popular sovereignty as slavery platform
-Breckinridge (south) federal protection for slavery in the territories |
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Describe the basic beliefs of the Constitutional Union Partry in 1860
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-took no explicit stand on the issue of slavery in territories
-tried to represent the spirit of sectional accommodation that had led to compromise in 1820 and 1850 -follow constitution but keep the union together -wanted all to get along |
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Explain the results of the presidential election of 1860
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-Rep (Lincoln) gained electoral votes of all free states (except NJ)
-180 to 123 over his combined opponents -Lincoln won by majority -Lincolns support in the North was so solid he would have won in the electoral college even if his opponents came together -40% pop vote |
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Describe how southerners saw the election of 1860
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-catastrophe: a candidate and party had won on a platform viewed as insulting to southern honor and hostile to vital southern interests
-launched a movement for immediate secession form the Union -their influence on presidency was gone |
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Name the first state to secede in 1860
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-South Carolina
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Describe how the various groups of southerners felt about secession
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-South Carolina justified seceding by charging that "sectional party" had elected a president
-whose opinions and purpose are hostile to slavery -Cotton kingdom: were outraged by Lincoln's election but were unsure of how to respond -Cooperationists: believed slave states should secede as a unit -Others: advocated immediate secession by each state individually |
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Explain the geographic & philosophic tenets of the southern secessionist movements
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-Deep south: SC, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, TX: Seceded immediately, removing themselves from the Union
-Upper South: AR, TN, NC, VA: resisted seceding, seceded after the fall of Ft. Sumter Border slave states: MO, KY, WV, MD, DE: stayed loyal to the union Cooperationists: wanted delay seceding in hopes of extorting major concessions from North |
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Characterize in political terms the new Confederate government leaders.
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-moderate leaders who dominated proceedings and defeated pet schemes of southern nationalists
-Davis and Stephens resisted secession -Yancey and Barnwell "fire eaters" were denied position of authority |
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Describe the differences in the Confederate Constitution from the U.S. Constitution
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-Central govt. was denied the authority to impose
-protective tariffs -subsidize internal improvements -interfere with slavery -required to pass laws protecting slavery |
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Explain the parts & results of the Crittenden Compromise of 1861
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Parts: extending Missouri compromise line to Pacific to guarantee protection of slavery in south and any south of the line later acquired
-federal compensation to owners of escaped slaves -prohibited federal govt. from abolishing or regulating slavery Result: Lincoln and Congress opposed and voted against, which caused a war |
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Discuss how the Civil War began militarily.
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-The confederacy demanded surrender of the Garrison that was running low on supplies
-Lincoln sent them supplies, Confederacy saw this as an act of war -Confederacy attacked Ft. Sumter in Charleston Harbor -After 2 days the Union forces surrendered - Lincoln said the South was fighting against Federal Authority (he called 75,000 to take them down) |
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Describe the reaction of the Upper South to the coming of the Civil War
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-Virginia voted to join the confederacy(soon AR, TN, NC followed)
- had been unwilling to secede, but when Lincoln called on them to provide troops, they had to choose sides |
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Describe the reaction of the North to the coming of the Civil War.
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-the firing on Sumter envied strong feelings of patriotism and dedication to the Union
-Stephen Douglas (Lincoln's rival) pledged his full support against secession -the confederacy united the North |
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Explain the reaction of the Border States to the coming of the Civil War
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-MD, DE, KY, MO proclaimed neutrality
-KY eventually sided with the Union |
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List the major northern advantages in the Civil War
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-Large pop., industrial capacity, railroad mileage
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List the major southern advantages in the Civil War
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-only had to defend its own territory
-less serious supply problems -got to choose time and place of combat -on familiar terrain - sympathetic civilian pop. |
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Explain the major portions of Winfield Scott's Anaconda Plan
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-North would squeeze the south into submission by blocking the southern coast, taking control of the Mississippi, cutting off supplies of food
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Describe how both the North & South acquired manpower for their armies.
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-at first there were more volunteers than could be armed and clothed
-later a draft was required to recruit men |
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List the major southern weaknesses in the Civil War.
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-economy was less adaptable
-depended on outside world for manufacturing goods -relayed on govt. cash programs -agriculture couldn't support troops (food shortage) -inadequate internal transportation system -confederate soldiers were undernourished |
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Compare Lincoln & Davis as leaders both militarily & politically
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Lincoln: new executive powers, interfering with civil liberties
-necessity justified a flexible interpretation of his war powers -restraint and tolerated a broad spectrum of political dissent -able party leader, encouraged unity and dedication to the cause Davis: less effective war leader -focused more on war than politics -passed able generals in favor of Braggs -ignored problems at home (economy) -no political support or pop support |
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Name Jefferson Davis' major southern opponents
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-state governors
-confederate congress -newspapers |
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Name Winfield Scott's successor as Commanding General of the U.S. Army
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-George McClellan
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Describe the western campaigns of 1862
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-Battle of Shiloh (Buell, Johnston, Beauregard)
-Farragut and Union Navy captured port New orleans -Union Dominance -Ft. Donaldson, Ft. Henry |
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Describe the eastern campaigns in 1862
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-Yorktown
-Jackson Valley -7 days battle -Bull Run -battle at Fredricksburg -Ambrose -Confederate dominance |
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Discuss the southern diplomatic strategy in 1861 & 1862
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-used South's cotton to lure England and France
-gain "belligerent" status to keep american shops of the sea -failed to gain full recognition of the confederacy from either England or France -To get England and France to recognized confederacy |
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Explain why Lincoln was hesitant to abolish slavery
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-fear of alienating Unionists in the border slave states
-gradual compensated form of emancipation -aware of racial prejudice in North and South |
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Discuss the results of the Emancipation Proclamation
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-gave Confederate states 100 days to give up the struggle w/o losing their slaves
-all slaves under Confederate control were freed -freed slaves in the Union army -did not immediately free a single slave -did commit the Union to abolition of slavery as war aim -breakdown of slavery as a labor system |
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Name the turning point of the Civil War in the west in 1863
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-Union victory at Vicksburg
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Name the turning point of the Civil War in the east in 1863
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-Union victory over Gettysburg
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Name the commander of the Union Army in the March to the Sea
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-W. Sherman
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Name the candidates & results of the presidential election of 1864
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-Lincoln and McClellan
-Lincoln wons |
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Name the place where General Robert E. Lee surrendered in 1865
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-Appomattox courthouse, VA
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Explain the constitutional issues solved by the Civil War
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-federal govt. was supreme over states
-federal powers major impact on economic policy -US was a true nation with central powers -states couldn't secede or nullify federal law |
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Explain why the North won the Civil War
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-Unions ability to organize, mobilize, and modernize
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Explain the difference in reconstruction policy between Lincoln & Congress
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Lincoln:
-lenient policy, minimal approach -quick restoration of union -no protection for freed blacks Congress: -radical approach -"loyal" men would replace Confederate elite -blacks would acquire basic rights of citizenship |
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Describe Lincoln's plan for reconstruction
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-pardon those who took oaths of allegiance to Union and emancipation
-only 10% had to take oath of loyalty to gain authorization to set up local govt. |
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Describe the Wade-Davis (Congress') plan for reconstruction
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-Legislation required 50% of voters take an oath of further loyalty before restoration could begin
-those who could swear they never supported the confederacy could vote -did not require black suffrage -gave federal courts power to enforce emancipation -Lincoln vetoed this (pocket veto) |
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Describe Andrew Johnson's reconstruction plan
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-attempt to put Union back together on his own authority
-Placed NC under appointed provisional governors -only loyal whites were permitted to vote -excluded people of wealth -required a oath -confederate leaders were excluded |
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Detail Andrew Johnson's actions that led to a break with Congress
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Johnson Veto's 2 bills
- Veto's freedman's bureau extension - established by Congress to assist newly freed slaves - Veto's civil rights - bill that get rids of Southern attempts to keep slavery & guarantee citizenship for blacks -Congress overrides the civil rights veto |
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Discuss the major protions of the 14th Amendment
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-Citizenship for anyone born in US or attain citizenship legally
-Due process clause - states cannot deprive life, liberty or property without due process of law -Equal protection clause - protection for all under state protection. |
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Describe the results of the elections of 1866
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Senate house only
-Have 2/3 control in house, 1/3 senate for the Republicans. They can take control of reconstruction. -Radically Republicans increase representations in both houses. |
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Describe Congressional reconstruction policy in 1867
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-Created 5 military districts with military in charge
-Quick readmission into Union it state constitution protects blacks voting rights -Certain confederate elites can't participate in state governments |
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Explain the origins & results of the Impeachment crisis of 1868
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Origins
-Johnson resists Congress reconstruction policy -Congress passes laws to limit presidential power - President can fire anyone who was approved by senate without senate approval. -President fires secretary of war without senate approval. Results: -House impeaches Johnson -Senate has a trail & it did for Johnson -Johnson is acquainted (not guilty) by one vote -Entire process eliminates opposition to reconstruction -Show the world that Congress has out of control |
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Describe the economy of the south after the Civil War
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-Many houses, buildings, and cities were destroyed
-fires -no money to rebuild -Confederate currency had no value -led to contract labor system and sharecropping |
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Name the groups in the Republican coalition in the south after 1867
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-businessmen, interested in enlisting govt. aid for private enterprises
-carpet baggers, former WHIGS, merchants from the south -poor white farmers -newly enfranchised blacks |
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Describe the political & fiscal policies of the southern Republican reconstruction governments.(
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-first public education system
-democracy of local and state govt. -funds for expansion of public services -improvement in internal structures, construction of railroads |
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Explain how reconstruction was overthrown in the south.
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-15th amendment allowed for limiting suffrage
-open violence (kkk) -violence kept or intimidated blacks from voting Decline in federal governments use of military in South, which made it harder to keep blacks safe to vote |
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Describe the candidates & results of the presidential election of 1876
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-Rutherford Hays (R) winner with electoral vote but not popular vote
-Samuel Tilden (D) |
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Describe the Compromise of 1877
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-3 states had challenges of electoral votes in South Carolina, Florida & Louisiana
-Congress appointed a member committee that would decide when to count, Republican or Democrat, If voted Republican -It goes to Congress for approval but Democratic were going to filibuster it -Made a compromise - Hays will be president - Remaining military will be withdrawn, ending reconstruction. -ends all federal support for radical regimes -southern blacks would be abandoned to their fate |
