History Test 4/7/09

Front 1

Caliph

Back 1

the successor to the Prophet
EX: Abu Bakr was the caliph of Mohammad

Front 2

Hijrah

Back 2

the journey that a follower of Islam takes to Medina

Front 3

Hajj

Back 3

the Pilgrimage to Mecca
- The responsibility to Muslims who are physically and financially able to make the trip to Mecca
- Once in Mecca, must dress in all white unstitched clothes and headscarves
- The idea that they are all equal in Mecca—no social classes

Front 4

Jihad

Back 4

Muhammad emphasized the jihad--- the struggle to defend the faith
- anyone who died in this struggle would be a martyr and would receive the blessings of God and rewards in heaven

Front 5

Quran

Back 5

Muhammad’s disciples wrote down his words and combined them into one book, forming the Quran
- Not just religious text, but an instructional book for how to live your life
- provides a guide for every phase of Muslim life

Front 6

Hagia Sophia

Back 6

famous church built by Justinian
- Took over 12000 workers to complete
- Major feature was its huge dome set on top of a rectangular base
- Very ornate, wide uses of mosaics

Front 7

Iconoclast

Back 7

followers of the movement to get rid of all icons
- Greek word meaning to break an image
- They destroyed the images and statues

Front 8

Imams

Back 8

'Ali's successors

Front 9

Mosque

Back 9

Muslim places of worship
- no furnishings except prayer mats and rugs
- no clergy, the leader of the Mosque teaches and conducts services
- act as town meeting places, food centers, schools, and more

Front 10

icon

Back 10

religious images and statues

Front 11

5 pillars of Islam

Back 11

- There is no god but allah
- Pray 5 times a day facing Mecca
- Supporting and giving to poor
- The Fast of Ramadan
- The hajj – The pilgrimage to Mecca

Front 12

Autocrat

Back 12

ruler who holds total power

Front 13

Justinian's Autocratic ways

Back 13

- Taxed heavily
- Throne was double the size so that two people could sit on it; Jesus or God would sit on his right
- Absolute head of church and state
- Made laws
- Head of army and navy

Front 14

Schism

Back 14

a major split within an established religious denomination

Front 15

Patriarch

Back 15

the most important religious leader of a city; the head of the church in that city and the region behind that city
**POPE is the patriarch in Rome

Front 16

Justinian

Back 16

- Byzantine Empire’s 16th and most ambitious ruler
- Very religious, stubborn, and determined
- AUTOCRATIC
- had many contributions to the public
- wrote the Justinian code

Front 17

Justinian Code

Back 17

- Wanted to simplify the current legal system
- Chose 10 men, headed by Tribonian, to do so
- Combined Greek and Roman laws
- Became the law of the land
- Formed the basis for civil law, influenced other laws today
- Inspired the spelling of the word “justice”

Front 18

Theodora and the Nika Rebellion

Back 18

- Convinced Justinian to crush Nika Rebellion
- Justinian wanted to flee, but Theodora convinced him to stay and put down the rebellion
- He stopped the rebellion and slaughtered/ destroyed everyone involved

Front 19

Theodora

Back 19

- Born into lower class as a daughter of a bear-keeper, then worked as an actress/dancer
- Equaled and sometimes surpassed Justinian in political skill and wisdom

Front 20

Emperor Leo III

Back 20

- 8th century
- Believed that worshipping icons was worshipping false idols
- Started movement to get rid of all icons

Front 21

Procopius

Back 21

- a historian, praised the emperor as hard-working and even-tempered, but after Justinian died, he said really mean things about him

Front 22

Abu Bakr

Back 22

Muhammad’s successor: Caliph
- Extended the Islamic empire, making it grow politically and converted people as they went

Front 23

Muhammad

Back 23

The Messenger
- Preached monotheism and that one God overpowered all
- his teachings are the Quaran

Front 24

Bedouins

Back 24

- A nomadic trader/tribesman
- Muhammad was a bedouin

Front 25

Rurik

Back 25

- Military leader of the Rus (Russia is derived from this name)
- Took over Novgorod and became ruler of Novgorod and Kiev

Front 26

Boyars

Back 26

a council of Nobles that the prince ruled with

Front 27

Yaroslave I

Back 27

"Yaroslave the Wise”
- issued Russia’s first law code: Pravada Russkaia
- Remained in force for a long time
-domain had eight million people

Front 28

Vladimir I

Back 28

- invited reps from many faiths to address the boyar council and offer reasons why people should convert to their religion
- sent people to witness church services, people were greatly impressed by the ritual and ideology
- converted to Christianity

Front 29

Religious practices of the Muslims

Back 29

5 pillars and Purdah—the veiling of women

Front 30

Sunni:

Back 30

believed that consensus of the Islamic community establishes religious and civil authority

Front 31

Shiites:

Back 31

Muslim class who looked to imams for sole spirituality and secular authority

Front 32

Berbers:

Back 32

A north African group of Islamic people

Front 33

Moors:

Back 33

Muslims of Spain

Front 34

Sufi:

Back 34

Muslim mystics who voluntarily adopted an austere lifestyle in which material wealth and titles meant nothing

Front 35

What made the Arabs so successful?

Back 35

- Good weapons: hand grenades and catapults
- Desert warfare
- Well-paid armies
- Soldiers believed that if they died fighting for Islam, they’d go straight to heaven
- People welcomed Muslim invaders as invaders

Front 36

Successes of the Byzantines

Back 36

- Hagia Sophia
- Justinian Code

Front 37

Successes of the Islamic Empire

Back 37

- larger than any empire that had come before
- The Arabic Language
- Architecture ranks among the highest in the world

Front 38

Conflicts within the Byzantine Empire

Back 38

Emperor Leo and Icons
Justinian and the Nika Rebillion