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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Myron
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-sculpted the discus thrower
-art during Golden Age |
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Phidias
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-created 2 statues of Athena on the Acropolis and in the Parthenon
-art during Golden Age -sculptor of the statue of Zeus at the temple of Olympia |
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Praxiteles
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- a sculptor who lived 100 years after Phidias
- sculpted delicate, lifelike figures - expressed the Greek admiration for the beauty of the human body |
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Characteristics of Greek Art and architecture
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4 CHARACTERISTICS:
- glorified human beings - symbolized people's pride in their city-states - expressed ideals of harmony, balance, order and moderation - expressed the Greek belief in combining beauty and usefulness |
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Socrates
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Philosophy
Thinking for yourself The need to pursue knowledge even when opposed Teaching Method: Method was to continually ask questions to have a person prove their own theory wrong Thoughts on Government: - criticized democracy, believing that it was for unskilled people to hold positions of power |
Socrates teaching method, philosophy and thoughts on government
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Explain Socrates Trial
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Charged for:
- impiety: disrespect towards gods - corruption of the minds of youth Result: - found guilty, was condemned to die by drinking poison in front of his friends |
The charges and result
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Plato
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o One of the most famous philosophers of all time
o Platonic Love o Founded a learning institution--> the Academy |
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Plato's Theory of Forms
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Social Structure: tripartite
- Governing class - Warriors - Workers Soul: tripartite - Reason - Spirit - Appetite |
Social Structure and Soul
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Plato's "The Republic"
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- The most famous of Plato’s dialogues
- Deals with the central problem of how to live a good life - these questions are asked: • What is justice in the state, or what would an ideal State be like? • What is a just state? |
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Platonic Thought
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a. What the nature of justice is
b. The nature of an ideal republic c. The allegory of the cave and the divided line, both of which explain Plato’s theory of forms |
The central Aspects
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Cosmotologists
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people that understand the origins and natures of the Cosmos
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Thales
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-Cosmologist
-1st Greek philosopher |
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Pythagoras
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-Cosmologist
-developed a mathematical explanation for the universe |
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Parmenides
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-Cosmologist
-developed formal rules of logic for philosophical arguments |
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Democritus
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-Cosmologist
-used logic and mathematics to develop atomic theory |
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Hippocrates
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the “Father of Medicine”
o Believed that illness has a physical and a rational explanation. o He rejected the views that illness was caused by superstitions and by possession of evil spirits and the disfactor of the gods o Developed an Oath of Medical Ethics for physicians to follow |
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Herodotus
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Greek researcher and storyteller, “The Father of History”
o Recorded almost all he heard, whether he believed it or not |
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Thucydides
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wrote The History of the Peloponnesian War
o Gathered all available evidence, then decides what he thinks is the truth, then shapes his presentation to emphasize the truth |
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Aeschylus
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“Father of Tragedy”; wrote of relationships between gods and people
o Hubris: excessive pride is one’s accomplishments |
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Aristotle’s philosophy
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- Thought that the world could be understood at a fundamental level through the detailed observation and cataloging of phenomenon
- Knowledge is fundamentally empirical |
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Aristotle's Political Views
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• Aristotle believed in a “limited democracy”
• Thought that pure monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy were equally good, but too easily corrupted |
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Aristotle's method for determining information
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EVIDENCE:
He would examine: a. What people had previously written or said on the subject b. The general consensus of opinion on the subject c. A systematic study of everything else that is a part of or is related to the subject |
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inductive reasoning
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-observing as many examples as possible and then working out the underlying principles
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Aristophanes
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- playwright of comedies
-Wrote The Clouds |
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Sophocles
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- playwright that defended traditional values
-Wrote Oedipus Rex, Antigone |
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Euripedes
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- a playwright and a realist; showed the reality of war, questioned old beliefs, gods and ideas
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The Clouds
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- a play in which Aristophanes portrays Socrates as a greedy, loony, master of their craft of teaching, with his head in the clouds
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Cynicism
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- taught that people should live accordingly with nature
- scorned pleasure, wealth, and social position - best known Cynic was Diogenes |
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Skepticism
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- believed that no definite knowlede is possible because everything is always changing
- people cannot know how things really are, and by accepting this fact, they can achieve peace of mind - Pyrrho founded it |
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Stoicism
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- founded by Seno
- believed that divine reason directs the world - whatever fate dictates is right - outwardly unaffected by pain or pleasure |
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Epicureanism
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-Epicurus founded it
- taught that the aim of life focuses on seeking pleasure and avoiding pain - limit ones desires |
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Diogenes
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- the best known Cynic
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Pyrrho
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- founded Skepticism
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Zeno
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- founded Stoicism
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Epicurus
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- founded Epicureanism
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The Academy
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a school devoted to teaching Plato's philosphy
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Xenophon
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- Witness for the defense.
- Wrote Apology of Socrates to the Jury. - Was a student of Socrates and a contemporary of Plato. |
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Xenophon's view on Socrates in the Apology
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- describes Socrates’ mind during his trial and execution in “The Apology”
- describes his view that is was better to die before senility set in than to escape execution by humbling himself before an unjust persecution |
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Lycon
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- Witness for the prosecution.
- Lycon was an orator whose son, , was corrupted by Callias,an associate of Socrates. |
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Anytus
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– Witness for the prosecution.
- lead a revolt which returned the supporters of democracy to power. - the real power behind Socrates indictment. - is more concerned about the corruption of youth charge. |
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Meletus
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- Wrote the written indictment against Socrates in
399 B.C.E. - lead prosecuted in B.C |
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Archimedes
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- used geometry to measure 3-D shapes
- calculated the value of pi - used mathematics to explain the principle of a lever - the greatest scientist of the Hellenistic period |
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Aristarchus
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- believed that the Earth and other planets moved around the sun
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Hipparchus
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- calculated the times of eclipses of the sun and the moon
- calculated the length of a year according to the sun and moon |
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Erastosthenes
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- calculated the circumference of the Earth
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Euclid
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- developed geometry into a system that is still used today in all geometry textbooks
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3 rooms of Parthenon
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pronaos, naos,and opisthodomos
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What was unique about the proportion of the columns on the Parthenon?
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- the ratio of side to end was greater than 2 to 1
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Why was the Parthenon used?
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- a temple to the Greek Goddess Athena to show the Greek success in the Golden Age
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Panathenaic Procession
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- Everyone but slaves took part in this parade
- Starts at city gates, ends at Parthenon - Honoring Athena - Every August - Some sacrifices |
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How have other peoples used the Parthenon?
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Romans restored it
- Vyzantines: made it church: Eastern Orthodox - Catholics made it a Cathedral - Turks made it mosque |
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sophists
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teachers of philosophy and rhetoric
EX: Plato, Socrates, Aristotle |
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Phillip II’s process
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1.Bring the people of Macedonia under his control
2.Defeat the Illyrians (358 B.C.) 3.Control the gold mines of Amphipolis 4.Control Upper Macedonia and create loyalty and alliances How? a. Marriage b. Political and Military Innovations |
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Philip II’s Political Tactics
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- Increased the size of the royal court/companions
- Brought in possible enemies or other people, gave them power, and kept them close, keeping an eye on them - Also brought in sons of nobles and educated them, so that the sons would become loyal, and so that he would keep their parents from interfering with his authority |
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Philip II’s Military Tactics
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- 6 meters long sarissa (a wooden pike with a metal tip) that was used by his infantry in the phalanx
- Made the military a way of life for many Macedonian men, making the military an occupation that paid well enough that the soldiers could afford to do it year-round - Used light auxiliaries, archers, a siege train, and a cavalry |
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Alexander's formal education
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o Educated by Leonidas, Lysimachus, and Aristotle
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Alexander and Greek Conquests
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o Inherits throne at 20 years old
o Immediately put down revolts in Thebes—he killed almost everyone in sight, including women and children, as an example to the rest of Greece o Kept the status quo set by his father |
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Alexander's GOALS IN ASIA:
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- Rid the world of tyranny and oppression
- Sought revenge on the Persians for their invasion of Greece in 490 |
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Alex vs. Persia
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- Fought against the Persians; they were led by King Darius ,who fled the scene, each time the battle started to go downhill
- Darius was later found, but had been assassinated by his own troops |
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Alexander in Egypt:
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- Founded a city, Alexandria, the most successful city Alexander would found
Alexandra was known as “A center of learning” - Was told that he was a God (because Pharaohs came from Gods) • Made him think that he was the Son of Zeus • Disowned Philip, ego grew very large, and said he was the son of Zeus |
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After Alexander’s Death, what happened to the empire?
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- Empire was split by 3 generals
One took over Egypt’s region One took over Middle East-ish region One took over Macedonian/ Greek area |
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Alexander’s methods of spreading Greek culture
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- made cities almost every where he went, leaving a group of Greeks and Macedonians in each to spread Greek culture
- integrated Macedonians and Persians by holding a mass wedding in which he and all of his generalss, who were required, married Persian women |
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Hellenistic Economy
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- rulers or government owned land
- slaves worked for wealthy people -LOTS OF TRADE--> connected whole Medditerian world |
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