History Test 3 Review

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Nat Turner

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a visionary black preacher, led "Nat Turner's Rebellion," killing 60 Virginians, 1831

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William Lloyd Garrison

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mild-looking reformer, high strung, spiritual, published "The Liberator"

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The Peculiar Institution

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Widely used term for the institution of American slavery in the south. Its use in the first half of the 19th century reflected a growing division between the North, where slavery was gradually abolished, and the south, where slavery became increasingly entrenched.

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Uncle Toms' Cabin

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1852, Harriet Beecher Stowe's widely read novel that dramatized the horrors of slavery. It heightened Northern support for abolition and escalated the sectional conflict.

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Frederick Douglas

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Born a slave in Maryland, Douglas escaped to the North and became the most prominent of the black abolitionists. Gifted as an orator, writer, and editor, he continued to battle for the civil rights of his people after emancipation. Hear the end of a distinguished career, he served as U.S. minister to Haiti.

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King Cotton

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being economically dependent on cotton in the 1800's

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Republic of Texas

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existed for about 8 years. Ran as an independent country. Mexico would not recognize as independent.

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Santa Fe Trail

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from Fort Leavenworth to Santa Fe, 1846 General Stephen Kearny led detachment of 1700 troops

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John Tyler

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A president without a party, "whig," no fondness for a protective tariff, signed Tariff of 1842

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James K. Polk

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defeats Clay in "Manifest Destiny" election, 1844

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Manifest Destiny

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1840s to 1850s, belief that the United States was destined by God to spread its "empire of liberty" across North America. Served as a justification for mid-19th-century expansionism.

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Zachary Taylor

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General, President, during California Gold Rush

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Winfield Scott

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hero from War of 1812, "Old Fuss and Feathers"

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Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

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1848, ended the war with Mexico. Mexico agreed to cede territory reaching northwest from Texas to Oregon in exchange for $18.25 million in cash and assumed debts.

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Wilmot Proviso

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1846, Amendment that sought to prohibit slavery from territories acquired from Mexico. Introduced by Pennsylvania congressman David Wilmot, the failed amendment ratcheted up tensions between North and South over the issue of slavery.

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Popular Sovereignty

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Notion that the sovereignty people of given territory should decide whether to allow slavery. Seemingly a compromise, it was largely opposed by Northern abolitionists who feared it would promote the spread of slavery to the territories.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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1854, Proposed that the issue of slavery be decided by popular sovereignty in the Kansas and Nebraska territories, thus revoking the 1820 Missouri Compromise. Introduced by Stephen Douglas in an effort to bring Nebraska into the Union and pave the way for a northern transcontinental railroad.

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Compromise of 1850

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Admitted California as a free state, opened New Mexico and Utah to popular sovereignty, ended the slave trade in Washington, D.C., and introduced a more stringent fugitive slave law. Widely opposed in both the North and South, it did little to settle the escalating dispute over slavery.

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Free-Soil Movement

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Antislavery party in the 1848 and 1852 elections that opposed the extension of slavery into the territories, arguing that the presence of slavery would limit opportunities for free laborers.

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Millard Filmore

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President Taylor's VP, a colorless and conciliatory New York lawyer-politician

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Fugitive Slave Law

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1850, passed as part of the compromise of 1850, it set high penalties for anyone who aided escaped slaves and compelled all law enforcement officers to participate in retrieving runaways. Strengthened the antislavery cause in the North.

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Franklin Pierce

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from New Hampshire, Democrat, won 1852 election

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Ostend Manifesto

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1854, secret Franklin Pierce administration proposal to purchase or, threat failing, to wrest militarily Cuba from Spain. Once leaked, it was quickly abandoned due to vehement opposition from the North.

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Stephen Douglas

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1854 Senator of Illinois, included in Lincoln-Douglas Debates, Democrat

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Gadsden Purchase

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1853, acquired additional land from Mexico for $1o million to facilitate the construction of a southern transcontinental railroad.

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Underground Railroad

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Informal network of volunteers that helped runaway slaves escaped from the South and reach free-soil Canada. Seeking to halt the flow of runaway slaves to the North, Southern planters and congressmen pushed for a stronger fugitive slave law.

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Freedman's Bureau

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1865-1872, created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support. Its achievements were uneven and depended largely on the quality of local administrators.

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Wade-Davis Bill

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passed by congressional republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent plan," it required that 50% of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South.

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10% Reconstructive Plan

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1863, Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10% of its voters had pledged loyalty to the U.S. and promised to honor emancipation

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Black Codes

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1865-1866, laws passed throughout the south to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.

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Ku Klux Klan

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An extremist, paramilitary, right-wing, secret society founded in the mid-19th century and revived during the 1920s. It was anti-foreign, anti-black, anti-jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-communist, anti-internationalist, anti-evolutionist, and anti-bootlegger, but Pro-Anglo-Saxon and Pro-Protestant. Its members, cloaked in sheets to conceal their identities, terrorized freedmen and sympathetic whites throughout the South after the Civil War. By 1890s, Klan-style violence and democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all Southern blacks.

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Andrew Johnson

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President, after Lincoln was assassinated, dealt with reconstruction, black codes, and ku klux klan

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Border States

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5 slave states- Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, and West Virginia- that did not secede during the Civil War. To keep the states in the Union, Abraham Lincoln insisted that the war was not about abolishing slavery but rather protecting the Union.

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Fort Sumter

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South Carolina location where confederate forces fired the first shots of the Civil War in April of 1861, after Union forces attempted to provision the fort.

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The Alabama

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1862-1864, British-built and manned Confederate warship that raided Union shipping during the Civil War. One of many built by the British for the Confederacy, despite Union protests.

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Hinton Helper

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in 1857, he wrote "The Impending Crisis of the South"

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Preston Brooks

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Congressman of South Carolina, "Bully" Brooks, beat Charles Sumner by hitting him with a cane

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Charles Sumner

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Senator of Massachusetts, was beaten by Preston Brooks, had to leave seat for 3.5 years

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Jefferson Davis

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President of the Confederate States of America, past member of Senate from Mississippi, West Pointer, former cabinet member, wide military and administrative experience, chronically ill

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Know Nothing Party

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1850s, Nativist political party, also known as the American Party, which emerged in response to an influx of immigrants, particularly Irish Catholics

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Republican Party

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Formed in 1854

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John Brown

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raids Harper Ferry in 1859, deals with Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856, militant abolitionist, "Old Brown", hung

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John C. Fremont

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"pathfinder of the west", captain, republican nomination in 1856, lost to Buchanan

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Dred Scott Case

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Dred Scott v. Stanford, 1857, Supreme Court decision that extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the United States

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Lecompton Controversy

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Lecompton Constitution, 1857, Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory. Initially ratified by pro-slavery forces, it was later voted down when Congress required that the entire constitution be put up for vote

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Abraham Lincoln

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ran for Illinois senator, republican candidate, awkward, tall, born in Kentucky in 1809 in log cabin, self-educated, became Whig, later elected president 1861

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Robert E. Lee

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General of Confederate army

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Battle of Bull Run

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Manassas Junction, July 21, 1861, Northerners lost

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George McClellan

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given command of army at Potomac, "Tardy George", "Little Mac", perfectionist, Peninsula Campaign

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David Farragut

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commanded flotilla in 1842, seized New Orleans

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Ulysses S. Grant

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General of Union forces, attacked Vicksburg, drunk,

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Battle of Antietam

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At Antietam Creek in Maryland, Lincoln put McClellan in command, Union won

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Emancipation Proclamation

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1863, Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slaves in non-rebelling Border States. The proclamation closed the door on possible compromise with the South and engaged thousands of Southern slaves to flee to Union lines

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13th Amendment

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1865, Constitutional amendment prohibiting all forms of slavery and involuntary servitude. Former Confederate States were required to ratify the amendment prior to gaining reentry into the Union

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Copperheads

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Northern Democrats who obstructed the war effort by attacking Abraham Lincoln, the draft and, after 1863, emancipation

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Battle of Gettysburg

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July 1863, Civil War battle in Pennsylvania that ended in Union victory, spelling doom for the Confederacy, which never again managed to invade the North. Site of General George Pickett's daring but doomed charge on the Northern lines

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Battle of Vicksburg

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1863, 2 and 1/2 month siege of a Confederate fort on the Mississippi River in Tennessee. Vicksburg finally fell to Ulysses S. Grant in July of 1863, giving the Union Army control of the Mississippi River and splitting the South in two

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William Sherman

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hated "Blue Bellies", led Sherman's March to destroy supplies for the Confederate army

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Union Party

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1864, A coalition party of pro-war Democrats and Republicans formed during the 1864 election to defeat anti-war Northern Democrats

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Appomattox Courthouse

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Site where Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865 after almost a year of brutal fighting throughout Virginia in the "Wilderness Campaign"