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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Macedonia
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• Rise of Macedonia
Aristotle was from this area Very different from surrounding Greece Usually lived in rides not cities Known for woods and horseman Spoke a version of Greek and Macedonian Macedonia get exploited by surrounding Greece for their ships Seen as crude and uncivilized Used as the buffoons in the jokes However ends up conquering all of Greece and Persian Empire |
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o Philip of Macedon
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• Father of Alexander the great
• Leader in Macedonia • Unite Macedonian tribes • Those who didn’t want to were conquered and leaders killed • Ends up controlling Macedonia • Then launces a campaign to conquer surrounding cities • Does not destroy Athens but attempts to assimilate and conquers all of Greece • Stabbed in the back by body guard at daughters wedding • Crisis of leadership in Macedonia • His son then takes over 20 years old |
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o Olympias
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• Philip marries her when conquered an area
• Has Alexander • By his dads side during southern Greece conquest |
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o Alexander the great
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• Aristotle is tutor
• Southern Macedonia revolts after Philips death • Alexander launches brutal attack on his fathers enemies • Get quick power of all of Macedonia • Launces a campain selecting one city (thebes) as a lesson to other city states has entire city burnt down except for house of poet (pedar?) • Consolidates his power and keeps control over vast area • His father had been planning conquest against persians (revenge from previous war) • Alex takes on the conquest against persians • Chooses to use 40,000 infantry for conquest • This is small yet he conquers Persian empire and as far as Bactria (Afghanistan) • Does this in ten years • Ten thousand miles • King of all of Greece, Persian empire, Egypt, ect. • Began at 22 years of age until age 32 |
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how does alexander become a king of a vast area?
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• Persian king meets him Alexander is able to route him
• Darius retreats to homeland • Alex begins conquest along coast insuring conquering Persian navy • Battle of isis meets darius again • Establishing treatys with conquered city’s • Sets up city as pockects of Macedonian and greek culture • In Egypt he comes in conquerer but acts of a liberator • Dresses up like Egyptian and called himself pharaoh (god) • Conquered • When he comes into Macedonia does the same thing dresses up and pretends • Assimillates where ever he goes • Has troops take foreign wives • Alex continues- people get upset • His own men are on the verge of revolt • Bactria does the same routine takes on a wife Roxane • Troops wanted to go home • They come through a desert • Releases his troops but wants to continue • Got sick and died in three days • Now what? Whos the leader? • His son is not Greek so Greeks don’t want him as king |
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o Roxane
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• Wife of Alex
• Gave birth to Alexander II • They are mysteriously killed |
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After death of alexander..
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After Alexanders death top generals split up land- called Hellenistic (Greeklike) kingdom
Three Dynasties Elites-greek speaking Influx of greek culture • Antigonus o Control of Greece o Some difficulty o Greece becomes the language of the educated through the land o Some embrace some forcibly imposed • Seleucus o Persian territories o Had problems o Kingdom hard to control o Persians end up overthrowing o Kingdom disintegrates but Greek influence is established • Ptolemy o Given Egypt o Successful o Lasts a long time o Jews create a Greek translation of Hebrew the Septuagint bringing knowledge to Greek world o Philosopher Philo who was educated wrote in Greek tried to meld Judaism with Greek philosophy |
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Revolts againt Ptolomy and roman assimilation
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• Some revolted against Greek assimilation in Israel they revolted against Greek ideas
• Ptolemy tried to make them assimilate out laws circumcision makes them sacrifice unclean animals • Jerusalem has a revolt Judas of macabee • Hanukah celebrates revolt • This creates the establishment of Jerusalem as their own city state with surrounding Hellenistic nations |
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the image of rome
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story of king giving twins (Romulus and Remus) over to will of gods, raises by wolves they conquered the land (Rome)
shows the warrior aspect of Rome this image was presented everywhere in Rome |
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Geography
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o Very central and vast
o Italy-looks like boot • Mountain range (zipper) • Alps massive acts as a wall that makes it difficult to cross • Two rivers including the tiger river not a great river very dry, not navigable only to Rome • Temperate • Good farming land |
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surrounding people of early romans
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• We know about Etruscans by architecture and burials
• Strange tombs • Buried their dead with stuff, jewelry, Greek vases, showing that they were trading • Sarcophagus-elaborate, sofas and people on them, the relationship between man and women is very different here • Bronze Etruscan warrior • Romans get their gods from the greeks • Etruscans lived in cities each with own king • Complex civilization, written language, and religion |
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Hills of rome
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• Seven
• Palitine hill • Earliest place where we have the romans • Later becomes a important place • In-between was swamp • Capitaline hill • Jupiter-Zues • Religious center of Athens • Fill in marsh by plateau hills and putting stuff below • Sewage system • Forum, is where you spent your money o Where Romans built all the great stuff o Farmer soldier o Put up trophys of each victory |
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o Era of the even kings
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753 made up-509 really the start BC)
• Romans wanted you think it was ancient • Kind of mythological • Tarquin the proud • Etruscan name • Could show Etruscan rule • 509 is when Tarquin over threw Rome • Romans get rid of him • Tarquin has a son who was a bad apple waited til husband of noble man was away from wife goes and wife, she says she would rather be killed then be raped, he black mails her, she then submitted, he then went away and she called for her father and husband, husband and father want to avenge this bu then she kills herself right in front of them, men go crazy angry, tired of powerful family’s being in control, kill king and son, vow never to have a king again. • Show the hatred of king |
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Roman Republic
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• After death of Tarquin power is distributed to people
• Res publica- power in hands of people |
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Consuls
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• Two
• Only ruled for one year • Could not serve consecutive office • Top of roman government • Military men • Rule with advice of the senate |
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Senate
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• Advised Consul
• (old man) similar to Sparta • 300 people • wealthy • for life** • privileges, men given toga when men came into age, senators got to where a purple strip • senate was where you wanna be • could be booted out decided by censor • there was some that were more powerful |
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Curia
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• Where senate would meet
• Located in the forum |
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Censors
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• Two
• Changed every five years • Decided who leaves senate • In control of senators • In control of the roles of citizens of rome • (Census) |
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bureaucracy
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romans invented
tribune dictator• Cursus honorum • Assembly of the people • Mos maiorum |
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Tribune
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• Unique
• Representative of the people reported the concerns of the people to the senate • Only a one year position un consecutively • Young ambitious stepping stone |
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• Dictator
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• Power over everything
• Only appointed at times of extreme emergency • Served as long as emergency and if lasted longer than six months would have to change |
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• Cursus honorum
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• This structure of republic
• Running of the offices• |
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assembly of the people
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Bottom of food change
• Voice vote • Not that much power |
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• Mos maiorum
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• Romans notion of rules
• Hyper traditional • Means- custom/manner of the elders |
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how long the roman republic lasted
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• 509-27 BC long time
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expansion of rome
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• Builds vast network of roads
• Paid for by wealthy maintenance paid through taxes • When they go an conquer etruscans they assimilate cultures into rome • Settle veterans in new cities good for protection • Army is a mirror of the government • By being gracious to the enemy they eventually caused Romanization • 220 BC entire peninsula has been Romanized • easy travel • latin is now spoken • how do they expand out side peninsula? • Another city is doing the same thing • Carthage a Phoenician colony • Center of trade • Grain growing region • While rome is expanding Carthage is expanding • The meet at Sicily where three punic wars |
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o 1st Punic war
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o Carthage
o 1st Punic war 264-241 BC • romans win war and take over island of sicily first roman conquest outside of italy • issue on how to rule • sicily becomes a provence • was pretty wealthy • provincial governors become rich • Corruption • New position in Roman gov • Romans use this idea for all other conquered areas • No granted citizen ship |
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o 2nd Punic war
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218-201 BC
• Hannibal • Cathages were unhappy • Hannibal plans to invade Italy by sea • Massive army led into italy • Roman are unprepared • Lake trasimentus, Hannibal has victory • Romans pride was hurt • Hannibal marches around all around peninsula in attempt to gain allies so he could crush rome • Not very successful, people stayed on the side of the romans • Gains allies with outsiders (Macedonia) • Another defeat of Romanas at Cannae o Two consuls dead • Rome hears of tragidies • Levi- historian for this war o In writing you get taste of reactions of the romans o Describes woman screaming and crying in the streets, law set that women would stay in homes • Roman decide to (scipio) launch attack on north Africa in attempt to draw Hannible away from ltaly • It works hannible meets skip, roman victory • Hannible surrender, create a peace treaty favorable to Romans, carthage gives up territory and military, and pay tribute • Skip is givin named Scipio Africanus • Romans go after Macedonians and now there is a province of macedionia • Decisive win for Romans, an amazing feat, Battle of Zama, 202 BC • Romans no longer felt secure, Hannible turn into a type of boogie man, demonization, these thing explain third war |
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o 3rd Punic war
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•149-146 BC
not really a war • Roman act of aggression annihilation of Carthage, fear of Carthaginians • Tells Scipio something to go destroy the city • Scipio feels bad for the attack and relates it to other destructions of great empires (Troy) • Carthage is rebuilt as a Roman province • Conquers north Africa |
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o Kingdom of Pergamum
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Roman expansion brings great wealth, taxes, slaves, treasure
• Was an independent kingdom, in Pergamum king died in his will he wanted his people to go Roman rule |
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• Vestal Virgins
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o Goddess of harth
o Fireplace o Very important o Symbol of home o In center of rome (forum) there was a special temple that had an eternal flame burning, the harth of all of Rome, if fire goes out its very bad, believed if stopped burning would all die, vestal virgins were the priestess to keep fire going o Six o Served thirty year terms o Selected between 6-10 years of age o Special status, only people to live in forum o Once you became a vestal you were a virgin and no longer apart of your family o Could not be touched, penalty is death o Used the place to give treasure and so on o If vestal did not do what they had to they were killed walled up o They got best seats and so on o Once finished term, you were givin a big dowry o Heads covered |
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• Lupercalia
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o Spring time festival
o Fertility o The youth of rome o Everthing went crazy o Young men would run naked around hitting women with goat skin |
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• Pontifex Maxinmus
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o Priest great, political position
o One year o In charge of doing proper sacrifices o Public sacrifice o Above vestal virgins, in reality he was not |
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• Lares
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o Household gods
o Ancestors, altar o Father was in charge of making sacrifices to ancestors o Notion of keeping memory alive o For this reason romans want to have kids and adopted a lot because of it o Romans would free slaves and adopt them |
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Slavery in Rome
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• Slavery is a big part of roman society
• Didn’t have their own families • Household slaves were technically apart of family • Slaves only had one name others had three • Slaves could be teachers • Mining was the worst form of work • Used in entertainment |
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• Paterfamilias
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• Extended family, leader of the family was father, this is the term for the man of the house
• Incontrol of lares • Possession of family estates • Power of life and death over family, you could kill a family member if deemed necessary • Real notion of importance of father figure • Children- daughters were arrangend by paterfamilias, when married they would come under husbands family, there was examples in elite families where womwne could stay under orginal father, sons stayed with father til death • Keeping estate is very important, oldest son get property and position, 2nd and 3rd sons had to do that on their own • Italy-10 % were slaves during 1rst punic war • 1/3 then is enslaved later • growth areas are as agricultural workers |
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women of Rome
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• Women married around 14 15 years to men not too much older, had dowry under control of paterfamilias, divorce was widespread
• Real pressure to reproduce, so if women were not producing children men would divorce so that they could have children with other women • Oppian Law preventing excessive display of make up jewlry and mourning out in the streets for women • When law was being discussed women came out to courts to argue against law, the law does get repealed • Women had their own bath houses • Women were out in public |
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• Tiberius Gracchus
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o Salis Pinpoint turning point at destruction of carthage, after rome becomes rich and greedy, falling apart from the inside out
o farmer soldier, farms got devastated, farmers couldn’t afford to farm land and went were there might be opportunities, population of city of rome grows o senators buy farms and make slaves work in them o food production goes down, rome relies heavly on grain coming from North Africa o people turn to tribune • Tiberius Gracchus • Working way up career path • Took position very seriously, he believes there is a big problem for the farmers • Takes up cause and argues for land reform, a limit on how much land and indivisual had, compensating these farmers • But hes saying this to the ones who own the farm land • His argument sway the senate, pass a law and some give up land to people • People saw Tiberius as a hero • When term is up he wants to do that again, but he cant, against law, only one year term, non-consecutive • Senate doesn’t want him to gain too much power • One day he is surrounded by young men and is assassinated, body dumped in river and his best supporters also killed • This starts a long line of political assassination |
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o The Gracchi Brothers
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• Brother of Tiberius decides to run for tribune
• He to is elected • Assassinated along with 3,000 of his followers |
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Sulla
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• Roman military, loyal to rome, not to indivisual, this changes were powerful generals try to add more people to there armys, taking soldiers from lower parts of society who make oaths to some generals, Sulla is one of these generals
• Very popular, so senators decide to recall him to rome and relinquish him of his position, when sulla gets the letter, he refuses (un Roman) decides to take out guys who sent the letter • Marches army against city of Rome • His lower class soldiers were loyal to Sulla 88 BC attacks city of Rome, massacre, 200 senators killed and many more • He makes himself dictator, sets 600 new senators, expands and puts in his buddies • Trend of the power of these generals • Sulla dies a natural death 10 years after the attack on Rome • The power of roman generals |
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o Gladiators
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• Slaves for entertainment
• Fighters with rules • Hunting shows fighting against all sorts of animals • Shows were free because wealthy people would pay for them, birthdays, funerals, ect. • Famous arena coliseums, in the forum, held 60,000 people • Underneath floor passage ways • Cross the street is where gladiators would train |
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slave revolt
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• Led by gladiators
• Spartacus • Break out of school and run away with other slaves and take over territory of Rome but soon army grew to 100,000 men • Lasted for three years • Takes two generals to crush revolt, Crassus, and Pompey • Slaves they capture put to death in a non-citizen way • 6,000 of them were crucifixion, very public, along road way • pompey and crassus, power gets rotated between generals |
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o 1rst Triumvirate
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• rule of three men, pom, jul, and crass
• cassus dies, so two guys rule, at first friends, Caesar gives daughter in marrage to pompey. • Julia dies in childbirth • Tension between two men • Civil war begins • Pompey decides there needs only to be one, so Cearsar marches army chasing pompey • Pompey gets to Egypt, king (ptolomy) of Egypt kills Pompey, Julius gets mad because a king killed pompey and so Julius kills king and lets Cleopatra take control over Egypt |
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Cleopatra
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o Sister of ptolomy
o Made deal with julias Caesar, takes over as queen o As an ally to the romans o Perhaps he did it because he knows he has a lot on his plate he is the only one left o One of the first thing he does is reward his veterans, extends roman citizen rights to conquered people, increases senate to 900, gave land to farmers, spends own money on repair, deals with enemies is to issue pardons to a lot of pompeys followers, reforms roman calender, creates two more months in the middle july and august, Egyptian twelve months, o Dictator for life, many liked him but people didn’t want him with all the power, didn’t want a monarchy, old senators were still not happy with him |
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o Gladiators
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• Slaves for entertainment
• Fighters with rules • Hunting shows fighting against all sorts of animals • Shows were free because wealthy people would pay for them, birthdays, funerals, ect. • Famous arena coliseums, in the forum, held 60,000 people • Underneath floor passage ways • Cross the street is where gladiators would train |
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slave revolt
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• Led by gladiators
• Spartacus • Break out of school and run away with other slaves and take over territory of Rome but soon army grew to 100,000 men • Lasted for three years • Takes two generals to crush revolt, Crassus, and Pompey • Slaves they capture put to death in a non-citizen way • 6,000 of them were crucifixion, very public, along road way • pompey and crassus, power gets rotated between generals |
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o 1rst Triumvirate
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• rule of three men, pom, jul, and crass
• cassus dies, so two guys rule, at first friends, Caesar gives daughter in marrage to pompey. • Julia dies in childbirth • Tension between two men • Civil war begins • Pompey decides there needs only to be one, so Cearsar marches army chasing pompey • Pompey gets to Egypt, king (ptolomy) of Egypt kills Pompey, Julius gets mad because a king killed pompey and so Julius kills king and lets Cleopatra take control over Egypt |
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Cleopatra
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o Sister of ptolomy
o Made deal with julias Caesar, takes over as queen o As an ally to the romans o Perhaps he did it because he knows he has a lot on his plate he is the only one left o One of the first thing he does is reward his veterans, extends roman citizen rights to conquered people, increases senate to 900, gave land to farmers, spends own money on repair, deals with enemies is to issue pardons to a lot of pompeys followers, reforms roman calender, creates two more months in the middle july and august, Egyptian twelve months, o Dictator for life, many liked him but people didn’t want him with all the power, didn’t want a monarchy, old senators were still not happy with him |
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• Ides of March, 44 BC
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o Day Julius was assassinated
o Done by senators o Initial impact was chaos, cremate his body in center of forum o Senate tries to calm everybody down, propaganda comes out where the senators say that Caesar wanted to be king o Even came out with commemorative coins |
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• Julius has no kids
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o Caesar adopted a great nephew of his (Octavian)
o Immediately people want Octavian o Mark Antony Convinced to try and support the military o Took some convincing for senate to accept Octavian o Octavian was not as stupid as they thought, he gets together with mark Atony and decide to turn on senate, another blood bath, the first to get axe was cisero, cisero tries to escape but gets captured o Cisero was killed and they displayed where he used to give speaches, sign that the senate was no longer in control |
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• 2nd triumvirate
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o Octavian, lepidas, octavian
o Marrage, octavian insisted that Mark divorce his wife and marry Octavia , octavian’s sister o Lepidas, the old guy, felt a little left out, decides to take troops against Octavian, his vetrans refuse to obey him because they were loyal to Caesar o Two men now, family sealed, gets pregnant o Mark Antony is sent to deal with uprising, calls on Egypt, negotiations with Cleopatra, after a while mark send Octavia home and has sexual relationship with Cleopatra, neglects uprising, Octava comes back tells Octavian, he’s pissed, cold war, propaganda, legitimacy of Octavian, questioning Antony, o War breaks out, military split o Cleopatra pregnant again o Octavian won o Cleopatra and Atony are killed 31 BC o More warfare and destruction o Octavian left in a pickle he has all the power |
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end of 2nd truimphant
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• Octavian declares 27 BC proclaimation saying giving up emergency power restoring the republic only making it stonger
o Takes old titles with twist o Changing my name to Augustas 31 BC 14 AD o Princeps- now on im going to have this title which means first citizen, this was usually givin to oldest senator, honorary title, but it gives him power over the senate o Takes title imperator- usually givin to a general, honorary, but now gives him power over military o Pontifex Maximus- high priest, one year, proper sacrifice, augustas takes title but for life o Pater Patriae- honorific, father of the father land, in control of everthing o Praetorian guard-elite camp in the military, duty is to protect augustace o Creates images of himself-senator, military man, father ect. o He lived for along lime that’s why this government did so well brought out stability o Started postal service and built up Rome, gave him popularity with the people, also sets up police, adultery court, rewards people who stays married, forced widows remarried, daughter was the first in courts which proved that he was making an effort to build morality, exiled of his daughter and poet (Ovid) o Augusta’s promotes some poets o After death Tiberius takes over and takes on the roles, there is not that much opposition |
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how long did the pax romana?
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200 o
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romanization during pax romana
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Expansion of roman empire during this period
o Brought in money and slaves o Conquest economy o Idea of Romanizing all these provinces, setting up veterans, building city’s modeled on the city of Rome, forums and aqueducts, town councils, arenas o Language, latin being brought to conquests o Religion, temples to roman gods |
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rule of Herod the Great
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o Great revolt in Jerusalem, Judae
o They were outlawing jewish practices, and took temple of Yaweh and sacrifices pigs to roman gods o Massive revolt call the macedian revolt o This creates an independent state for Jerusalem o Cleansing of the temple o They still celebrate revolt 142 BC o Pompey conquered state and made Provence, he set up jewish kings (very unusual) they ruled with consent of rome Herod was one of these kings o Heron was very friendly to rome, jews didn’t like him o High tension in area o When Herod dies Augustas replaces him with a roman govener o Judea becomes a boiling volcanoes, explodes in 66 AD new revolt lasts four years, they mint their own coins, romans want to completely crush revolts o They squash the revolt (Titus) in 70 AD destroys the temple o Takes out treasure, captures slaves, has a big parade (Arch of Titus) o Some fled Jerusalem and took refuge in masada |
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• Masada
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o Major fortress
o Six months Romans lay siege to Masada o When they are break in they find everyone dead, committed suicide o Jewish population in rome expands |
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Imperial cult
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o If there was a heroic person they are often deified this happened to Julius Caesar
o Agustas develops the imperial court wich is the worship of the living empereor, he sets this up in the provinces and forces them to sacrifice to him, but not in Italy o Control the provinces less likely to rebel |
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• Mithras
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o C ult, was a Persian god, Zoroastrianism
o Popular with soldiers o Depiction of Mithras sacrificing bull, dog and snake licking up blood, scorpion biting bulls testacies o Male only o Seven steps of initiation |
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Isis
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o Egyptian god
o Mother of Horus o Initiation rituals o Offered a relationship o Open to man and women although separate |
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changes in jewish community
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o Imperial cult demanded that you sacrifice
o During reign of Herod is great tension on religion o Priesthood supports herod, people did not o Vast majority of jew lived in the viascria (spread of people) o Jews are Urban o So far away from Jerusalem, they would send funds to temple, and in own homes they would establish community centers |
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• Religio licita
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o Legal religion for Judaism
o Romans viewed religion as a people o Prothesis- not seeking converts to Judaism although there are some conversions |
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• Synagogue
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o A place of prayer
o Community center o Importance of synagogues developed, elders are the leaders of the synagogues, prayer and study of the word o Some represented humans, old testament pictures o Go inside which is unusual, usually very public |
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• Jesus of Nazareth
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• Aramaic language, Semitic
• A leader of a movement • Preacher talking about the end of time • Jews believed in a linear history • Jews believed that there would come an anointed king • Jesus didn’t write anything down, written in Greek by mark ect. Start about 70 AD • They are based on a original text • Preached about moral reformation • Hung out with undesirable • Many followers, goes into Jerusalem • Put on trial by Pontius Pilate, worried about revolt • Crucifixion- standard form for non Romans • Followers of the movement are primarily fellow Jews |
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Paul
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• Not original follower of Jesus, well educated Jew from Asia minor
• Educated in Greek, converted to Christianity • Goes to Jerusalem to join other followers • Then begins to preach to gentiles, roman population, throughout the land • Paul writes letters in Greek • Emphasis death and resurrection • Emphasis the messiah |
