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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Founding of New France
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established the beginning of a vast empire in 1608 in Quebec, leader Samuel de Champlain
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Government of New France
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fell under the direct control of the king and the colonists did not enjoy the same freedoms as the English
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New France's valuable resource
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beaver
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Central point of conflict between the English and the French
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the Ohio River Valley
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Importance of Ohio River Valley
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France- connection between their Canadian holdings with the lower Mississippi Valley
British- this is where the westward moving colonists would go |
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1754- Ohio Country between French and British (Americans)
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George Washington secured the area, forced the French to retreat, eventually the French took over and Washington had to surrender
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Seven Years War (French and Indian War)
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became the most wide spread war the world had ever seen, started in America; British suffered a lot of defeat in America and Europe
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William Pitt- 1757
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an outstanding leader in the London government, chose to focus British military strength against the Quebec-Montreal area
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First British victory of the war
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Louisburg (Nova Scotia) in 1758
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What fell to the English in 1760?
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Montreal
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Effects of Seven Years War
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Britain became the dominant power in North America and the leading naval power in the world
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How the colonists felt after the French and Indian War
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confidence in military ability, British military myth of invincibility had been broken, unity was larger after the war
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Treaty of Paris in 1763
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signed in Paris and French power was removed completely from North America
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Proclamation of 1763
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London government issued, prohibited settlement beyond the Appalachians until the Indian problem could be worked out
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Republicanism
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society and government depend on the virtue of citizens, opposed to institutions like aristocracy and monarchy, based on models of ancient Greek and Roman republics
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"Radical Whigs" of Britain
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warned citizens to be vigilant for any attempts to take away their liberties, had fear of power of monarchy
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Mercantilism
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believes that the country's prosperity depends on its wealth and that in order to amass a wealth a country must export more than it imports
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How mercantilism affected the colonies
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Virginia tobacco planters benefited from this, they had a monopoly on the British market, protection of the world's mightiest navy and strong army
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Change in colonial policy by the British
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started to strictly enforce the Navigation Laws in 1763 to pay off debt
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Sugar Act of 1764
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the first law to raise tax revenue on the colonies- increased duty on foreign sugar imported from the West Indies
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Stamp Act
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worst of all, required the use of stamped paper or the attachment of a stamp on bills for sale over 50 items, commercial and legal documents
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Non importation agreements
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boycotts, agreement to stop importing any British goods, united the colonists for the first time in common action
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Quartering Act of 1765
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required certain colonies to provide housing and food for British troops
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Townshend Acts
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placed an import tax on a number of items including tea, revenues were intended to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges in America
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Declaratory Act
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after the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, stated that Britain had absolute sovereignty over its North American colonies
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Committees of Correspondence
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Samuel Adams was the leader, felt very strongly about colonial rights, function was to spread the spirit of rebellion by exchanging letters that promoted opposition to British policy
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Boston Tea Party
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British East India party was overburdened with 17 million pounds of tea and faced with bankruptcy- London decided for this to company to have America for monopoly,
December 16,1773- hundred Bostonians, boarded the English ships, smashed open 342 chests of tea and dumped it into the water |
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Intolerable Acts
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intended to punish Boston, intended to settle the issue of what to do with conquered French subjects in Canada, closed the Boston harbor until ruined tea was paid for, restrictions were placed on self-government and town meetings in Massachusetts
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First Continental Congress- 1774
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1774, met in Philadelphia, considered what to do about colonial grievances against Britain, 12 colonies (not Georgia), met for seven weeks, most significant action was creation of the Association which called for a complete boycott of British goods
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British strengths
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7.5 million in population, monetary and wealth power, professional army, 50,000 American loyalists
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British weaknesses
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London government was ineffective and incompetent, English Whigs were supportive of the Americans, British army in America had difficulties
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American strengths
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outstanding leadership- Washington and Franklin, foreign aid from France, self-sustaining through agriculture, fighting for a just cause
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American weaknesses
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militias were poorly trained, colonies were badly organized, shortage of money, inflation, rising prices
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Second Continental Congress- 1775
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met in Philadelphia with all 13 colonies present, chose Washington to head the army, drafted new appeals to the king and also adopted measure to raise money and create an army and navy
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Thomas Paine
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radical who arrived from Britain in 1775, wrote the Common Sense
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Common Sense
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sold over 120,000 copies, called for independence and the creation of a republic, one of the most influential things written in this period
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Thomas Jefferson and the Declaration of Independence
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chosen to prepare a formal statement to declare independence, he appealed to the natural rights of all men, explained why the colonies had revolted
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Loyalists
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remained loyal to the king, 16% of the population, tended to be more educated, wealthy and older, included the king's officers, royal officials, Anglican clergy and their church members
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Patriots
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called Whigs after the opposition party in Britain, rebellion party
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Victories at Trenton
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December 26, 1776 Washington secretly crossed the Delaware River and surprised and captured 1000 Hessian soldiers at Trenton, NJ
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Victory at Princeton
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a week later, Washington won a victory over a small British detachment at Princeton, NJ
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The victory at Saratoga
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turning point for the Americans, revived a cause and made it possible for the Americans to receive help from France, Burgoyne was defeated and surrendered
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French alliance in the war
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signed a treaty with America- decided to fight together until America had gained its freedom and both had agreed to terms with Britain; France wanted revenge against Britain and wanted Britain to lose its American colonies so they could regain lost power
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Role of the American navy in the war
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under men like John Paul hindered the British by destroying British merchant shipping, privateers also harassed British shipping, destruction of these ships caused shippers to pressure Parliament to end the war
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Yorktown victory
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Washington marched his men to Yorktown to join with Rochambeau's French army to attack Cornwallis, Cornwallis surrendered his entire force of 7000 men
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Treaty of Paris (1783)
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British formally recognized American independence and granted generous boundaries stretching west to Mississippi River, north to the Great Lakes, and south to Spanish Florida
Americans agreed to stop persecuting loyalists and for Congress to recommend that Loyalist property should be restored |
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The economic picture for America after the war (succeeding from the empire)
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commerce with Britain was lost, Americans could trade freely with foreign nations, state governments were deep in debt from war, average citizen were worse off after the war, runaway inflation had ruined many people
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State constitutions
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13 constitutions had similar constitutions and state governments, Americans had an abundance of great political leaders
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The Articles of Confederation and its weaknesses
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no executive branch and the judicial branch was left almost completely to the states
Congress was restrictness- each state had one vote, support of nine states to pass legislation 13 state support to amend Articles |
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The Old Northwest
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western lands received from the states, northwest of the Ohio River, east of the Mississippi, south of the Great Lakes
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Land Ordinance of 1785
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land to be sold and this would go towards paying off national debt, land would be surveyed and divided into townships, proceeds would be set aside for public schools
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
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newly settle land would be a territory under the control of the federal government, territory reached population of 60,000 people could be admitted by Congress as a state, prohibited slavery
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James Madison
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became known "Father of the Constitution," he made notable contributions to the Constitution
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The Constitutional Convention
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control of commerce became the problem most responsible for this, every state except Rhode Island chose representatives for the convention, Philadelphia on May 25, 1787, 55 delegates from 12 states, George Washington was the chairman
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Large state plan
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proposed by Virginia, representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress should be based on population
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Small state plan
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representation would be equal for each state in a unicameral Congress
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Great Compromise
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representation would be population in the House, equal in the senate, every tax bill or revenue measure must originate in the House
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3/5ths compromise
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every slave counted as 3/5 of a person in voting process
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President election
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elect by electoral college
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Slave trade compromise
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allowed to continue until 1807
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Federalists
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favored strong central government, led by men like Washington and Franklin, tended to be wealthier and more educated, better organized and controlled the press
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Antifederalists
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leaders like Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry, poorer classes, objection to not having a bill of rights, opposed stronger central government
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Bill of Rights
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James Madison drafted the amendments and guided them through Congress, first 10 amendments
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Hamiltons Economic plan
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first was to bolster national credit, urged Congress to fund the national debt "at par" (debt plus interest), urged Congress to assume the debts of the states incurred during the war
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National Bank argument
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Hamilton in favor of creation of this
Jefferson argued against |
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Jefferson argued against the bank
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no specific authorization in the Constitution for a bank, all powers not specifically given to the federal government were reserved to the states
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Hamilton responded
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what the Constitution does not prohibit is permitted, used the idea of implied powers based on the necessary and proper clause in the Constitution
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Hamilton's views prevailed for construction of the National Bank
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created in 1791, chartered for 20 years, located in Philadelphia
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Neutrality proclamation
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Washington issued this in 1793 which officially declared the US' neutrality in the conflict to help France defend her West Indies, warned citizens to be impartial
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Jay's Treaty
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Washington sent John Jay to London to avert war with Britain, Hamilton ended up revealing American strategy to Britain, they agreed to abandon the trading posts on US land and to pay damages for the seizure of American ships
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Effects of Jay's Treaty
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strengthened Jefferson's new Democratic-Republican party, resulted in Pickney's Treaty with Spain in 1795- granted Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory North of Florida
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John Adams
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becomes president after Washington,
Federalists- Adams Democratic Republicans- Thomas Jefferson won by 71 to 68- Jefferson became VP |
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Alien Laws
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requirements for aliens to become citizens were increased from 5 to 14 years; president was empowered to deport dangerous foreigners in time of peace and to deport or imprison in time of hostilities
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Sedition Act
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anyone who impeded the policies of government or falsely defamed its officials would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment, Jeffersonian editors were indicted and a few were convicted
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Federalist
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rule by the best people, strong central government, loose interpretation of the Constitution, appeal to the wealthier classes, business as the basis of the economy
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Democratic Republicans
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ruled by informed masses, weak central government with most of the power retained by the states, strict interpretation of the Constitution, appeal to middle class and poor, agriculture as basis
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Strict construction
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all powers not specifically given to the federal government were reserved to the states
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loose construction
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what the Constitution does not prohibit is permitted
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