History Test 2

Front 1

Barbarians

Back 1

Inherited the lands lost at the time of the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire in 492. Some of the germanic tribes include: Ostrogoths of Italy, the Vandals of North Africa, the Angles and Saxons of England, and the Franks and Burgundians of France.

Front 2

Trial by Ordeal

Back 2

Custom from the Barbarian tribes that involved binding the accused and placing them in a blessed body of water. If guilty they floated because they weren't granted with holy water, but if innocent they sunk. Meaning they were blessed by the holy water and died innocent.

Front 3

Muhammad

Back 3

Born in 570. He was born in Mecca and founded the Islamic faith. Islam empahasized monotheism, belief in the prophets of Judaism and Christianity, and had a day of judgement.

Front 4

Sunnis/Shiites

Back 4

Two sects that came about as a question of who would succeed Muhammad after his death in 632. The shiites supported his son-in-law Ali, while the Sunnis who made up 90% of the Muslim population, supported Abu Kabr, a close associate of Muhammad.

Front 5

Justinian Code

Back 5

Byzantine emperor's codification of Roman Law in 533. Laws took one of four categories: laws still in effect, classical laws modified over the centuries, earlier opinions, and new legislation of the emperor.

Front 6

Vladimir the Great

Back 6

Early ruler of Kievian Rus. He converted to Christianity in 988 and worked to Christianize Kievian Rus during his lifetime.

Front 7

Battle of Poitiers/Tours

Back 7

Battle fought in 732, Charles Martel defeated invading Muslim forces from Spain. His victory stopped the spread of Muslim power in Western Europe.

Front 8

Carolingian Renaissance

Back 8

Movement started by Charlemagne in the late 8th and early 9th century. It emphasized education and purification of church documents. Helped to preserve ancient Greek and Roman traditions.

Front 9

Burgundian Code

Back 9

Law code of the Burgundian Kingdom in the early 5th century. These laws dealt with marriage and inheritance as well as regulating weregild and other penalties.

Front 10

Charlemagne

Back 10

Son of Pepin the Short. He expanded the Frankish Kingdom and was crowned the Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day in 800. Helped to preserve ancient Greek and Roman traditions throughout Europe.

Front 11

Eric the Red

Back 11

An icelandic explorer who discovered Greenland and sent a party to colonize it in 985. Leif Ericson, the famous Icelandic Explorer who is the first European to land in North America, was his son.

Front 12

Vikings

Back 12

Scandinavians who plundered and colonized must of Europe from 800-1050. They had common literacy, domestic and religious traditions, and famous longboats that took them on their journeys all the way to North America.

Front 13

Vinland

Back 13

Colony in Newfoundland, Canada founded by the Vikings under Eric the Red around 1000. Within a few years, Native Americans drove the Vikings out of the settlement.

Front 14

The Life of Lady Balthild

Back 14

An account written regarding the pious, beautiful, intelligent, and modest Saxon slave who would eventually be offered to King Clovis of the Franks and later become Queen of the Franks. After proving her worth and preparing her children for the throne, she entered the abbey and gave up her royal rank. Later she would be canonized as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church.

Front 15

Otto the Great

Back 15

Germanic King, who in 955, defeated the Magyars. He would also be crowned emperor in 962 of what later become the Holy Roman Empire.

Front 16

Feudalism

Back 16

Social, political, and economic institution that arose as an exchange of land for a promise of military service.

Front 17

Alfred the Great

Back 17

King of England until 899, he is credited with defeating Viking invasions of the island nation.

Front 18

Three Field System

Back 18

Common system of agriculture developed during the early Middle Ages in Europe. One field would have a winter crop, another a summer crop, and the other would lie fallow, allowing the manure of grazing animals to reintroduce nutrients to the open field, and seeing a yearly rotation in field production.

Front 19

William the Conqueror

Back 19

Duke of Normandy who was a claimant to the English throne, but was denied the crown. His forces, in the Norman invasion, crossed the English channel and defeated his rivals in the Battle of Hastings in 1066, securing the English throne in the process.

Front 20

Magyars

Back 20

nation of people from Central Asia that settled in modern-day Hungary. Otto the great defeated them in 955.

Front 21

Romanesque

Back 21

Architectural style of Medieval Europe in 12th century. Known for its massive quality, thick walls, round arches, sturdy piers, groin vaults, large towers, and decorative arcading.

Front 22

Clunaic Reform

Back 22

series of changes within medieval monasticism focused on restoring the traditional monastic life, encouraging art, and caring for the poor. The reforms were largely carried out by Saint Odo in the 10th century, and spread throughout France, England, Italy and Spain.

Front 23

Pope Urban II

Back 23

German Pope is remembered for having started the First Crusade. Died in 1099, 14 days after the fall of Jerusalem to the Crusaders.

Front 24

First Crusade

Back 24

Initiated by Pope Urban 11, this was a military expedition which lasted from 1096-1099 by Western Christianity to regain the Holy Lands.

Front 25

Investiture Controvery

Back 25

Christmas night, 1075 in which Pope Gregory VII declared a ban the practice of secular leaders appointing Catholic clergy and investing them with the symbols of the bishopric. Henry IV saw this action as a form of interference of his authority and talked the bishops under his control to excommunicate Gregory VII, but in response Gregory announced that the oaths of loyalty made to Henry by his vassals were no longer binding, since he'd been excommunicated, stripping him of his political support.

Front 26

Henry IV

Back 26

Troubled Holy Roman Emperor whose reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany. He was forced to abdicated his throne in 1105 due to his rivalry with Pope Gregory VII.

Front 27

Pope Gregory VII

Back 27

Pope from 1073 until his death. He was best known for the part he played in the Investiture Controversy and the new canon law. He helped pave the way for the upcoming First Crusade.

Front 28

Concordat of Worms

Back 28

Signed in 1122, Holy Roman Emperor Henry V renounced the right of investiture, recognized the freedom of election of the clergy, and promised to restore all church property. In return, Henry V was allowed to have his excommunication overturned.

Front 29

Abbot Suger

Back 29

Frankish abbot statesman, a historian, and the influential first patron of Gothic architecture. He was the foremost historian of his time, dying in 1151.

Front 30

Gothic Architecture

Back 30

12th century France. This architecture flourished during the high and late medieval period. It evolved from Romanesque architecture and was succeeded by Renaissance architecture. Great churchs, cathedrals, and a number of civic buildings had Gothic style architecture. Its characteristics lending themselves to appeal to the emotions.

Front 31

Magna Carta

Back 31

document that nobility of England forced King John to sign in 1215. In the document, John and his descendants are guaranteed the throne of England and the King is differentiated as being above other nobility, but also disallows any monarch to disregard the law, raise taxes without consent of the nobles, or to exact punishment without trial by the accused's peers.

Front 32

Louis IX

Back 32

French king and grandson of Phillip II, who started his reign in 1226. He establish royal courts throughout France and a parlement of Paris to hear appeals from this court system to provide justice for French citizens.

Front 33

St. Francis

Back 33

began preaching in the early 1200's. he came from a wealthy family but gave up his personal possessions and vowed himself to a life of poverty. He founded the Franciscan Order, a mobile order that traveled the world to preach the gospel.

Front 34

Divine Comedy

Back 34

Book written by Dante Aligheri between 1308- 1321 that related the symbolic journey between hell and heaven. The story relates Satan to be a stupid beast that sits in a frozen pond at the bottom of Hell.

Front 35

Albigensian Crusade

Back 35

Crusade against a group of Southern French heretics who believed that the God of the Old Testamen was evil and that the New Testament God sent Jesus to Earth to battle against him. Pope Innocent III made calls for a crusade against them and in 1244, the Albigensians were defeated.

Front 36

Inquisition

Back 36

Locally controlled since the 1100's, Pope Innocent III put the institution under direct Papal control during his reign as Pope. Representatives were sent to deal with heresy and bring all people back into the Catholic fold, with the use of torture intimately involved.

Front 37

Knights

Back 37

Warrior elite made up of the European nobility, of which by the 1200's had been taken as a hereditary honor. At 7, boys would start their knightly education, at 13 would become squires, and at 20 would finally become knights.

Front 38

Hanseatic League

Back 38

Founded in late 1200s and continued into the 1500's. Centered in Germany, raw materials from Eastern Europe would be traded for finished goods in W. Europe.

Front 39

Guilds

Back 39

Associations formed to protect workers engaged in certain crafts, started in the middle ages. Adolescent boys would start off as unpaid apprentices, reach the rank of journeyman and receive payment at 19, and were eligible to become master craftsmen and setup their own shops when conferred the title by other master craftsmen.

Front 40

Pope Boniface VII

Back 40

Wanted to establish a papal monarchy, by 1294 he began taking action. The french king disliked these reforms and sent a force to Rome to capture him. He died of natural causes prior to his capture.

Front 41

Babylonian Captivity

Back 41

1305-1378 when the Papacy of the Roman Catholic Church was moved from Rome to Avignon, France under the direction of Pope Clement V. The election of Pope Urban VI eventually led to the Great Western Schism.

Front 42

Universities

Back 42

First of these was founded in Bologna in 1088 and emphasized the study of the Roman law. Students together formed an organization called universitas, members paid dues and followed common rules, were offered temporary rights and lived in dorms.

Front 43

Cistercians

Back 43

Catholic order formed by a monk named Robert and his 21 followers in 1098 who vowed only to produce enough goods to survive. Focus was solely on spiritual matters, their churches and monasteries kept very plain and there members weren't allowed to talk during worship.

Front 44

Dominicans

Back 44

Catholic order founded by St. Dominic in 1220. They believed that the best way to combat heretical beliefs was to educate their monks, producing manuals on how best to combat heretic beliefs.

Front 45

Frederick II

Back 45

Called the "Wonder of the World" he was one of the most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages. He was frequently at war with the Papacy, excommunicated 4 times and often vilified in pro- papal chronicles of the time and since.

Front 46

Hundred Years War

Back 46

War between England and France lasting from 1337-1453. King Edward III, as a direct blood relative to the French loyal family made a claim to the throne, but King Phillip IV refused to recognize the claim leading the war. Joan of Arc seige turned it around for France allowing them to have a victory.

Front 47

Battle of Crecy and Poiteres 1346 and 1356

Back 47

Two battles fought between France and England during the 100 years war. England won both of these battles.

Front 48

Battle of Agincourt

Back 48

War fought in 100 years war in 1415. English won. The result of the war caused the French King Charles VII to become isolated politically. Charles was forced to sign a treaty that disinherited the French throne from his son in favor of an English monarch to succeed him.

Front 49

Joan of Arc

Back 49

Girl who claimed to have heard voices telling her to go into battle and lift the English seige to the town of Orleans. She was no older than 20 and her army defeated the English and turned the tide of Hundred Years War in favor of the French. In 1430 English captured her and she was put on trial and burned at stake.

Front 50

Genghis Khan

Back 50

Born in 1162, founder of the Mongol Empire, which at its height was the largest empire in history. His son, Batu Khan, invaded Kievian Rus.

Front 51

Alexander Nevsky

Back 51

Leader of Novgoro and a member of the Hanseatic league. He defeated the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Ice in 1242.

Front 52

Anton Rublev

Back 52

Born in 1360, he was a Russian icon painter who is known for the mystical, subdued style of his works. He is also known for his invention of a blue pigment he used in his famous icons.

Front 53

Dmitri Donskoi

Back 53

Son of Ivan II kransy, reigned as the Prince of Moscow from 1359 and Grand Prince of Vladimir from 1363 to his death. He was first prince of Moscow to openly challenge Mongol authority in Russia.

Front 54

Ottoman Empire

Back 54

Originating in the middle east in the 12th and 13th century they began a great empire building campaign that brought them into Southeastern Europe. After subduing the Balkans, they brought an end to the Byzantine Empire in 1452 in their successful siege of Constantinople.

Front 55

Battle of Kosovo

Back 55

Battle fought between the Serbians and the Ottoman Empire in 1389. The battle was a defeat for the serbians, but served as a rallying cry for Serbian unity at the end of the 20th century in the later conflict at the same name.

Front 56

Great Schism or East/ West Schism

Back 56

In 1054, Division of the Christian world that would see W. Christians follow the Pope in Rome and eastern Christians follow the Eastern patriarch in Constantinople. Because of this, the Pope would not send aid to Constantinople during the siege by the Ottomans, leading to the fall of the Byzantine Empire.

Front 57

Giotto

Back 57

Artist best known for his realism, depicting figures with a sense of depth and shading unknown during the Middle Ages. Famous work, Madonna Enthroned, was painted in 1310.

Front 58

Simon Martini

Back 58

Born in 1284, he was a major figure in the developmet of early Italian painting and greatly influenced the development of the International Gothic style.

Front 59

Black Death

Back 59

In 1347, the plague revaged Europe, killing as much as 1/3 of Europe's population, as as much as 80% of the inhabitants in some towns. Caused by fleas who jumped from rats to humans, from one to ten days after being bitten, many victims would slip into a coma and die.