History Test #2

Front 1

Explain Darwin's theory of evolution.

Back 1

He observed that there aren't any duplicates in any type of species; offspring tend to resemble their parents; and that two many offspring are produced to survive to make the next generation.

Front 2

The incorporation of the modern sciences of genetics and climate studies into the theory of evolution, first begun in the 1840's with the theory of gradualism.

Back 2

Evolutionary synthesis.

Front 3

What is the modern age in which we still live called?

Back 3

Holocene. (last)

Front 4

What is the pre-Ice Age called?

Back 4

Pliocene. (first)

Front 5

In what time is the Great Ice Age?

Back 5

Pleistocene. (middle)

Front 6

What is the Old Stone Age called?

Back 6

Paleolithic.

Front 7

What is the Middle Stone Age called?

Back 7

Mesolithic.

Front 8

What is the New Stone Age called?

Back 8

Neolithic.

Front 9

What is the Lower Paleolithic time called?

Back 9

Early Old Stone Age.

Front 10

What is the Middle Paleolithic time called?

Back 10

Middle Old Stone Age.

Front 11

What is the Upper Paleolithic time called?

Back 11

Late Old Stone Age.

Front 12

What is the most advanced type of Levallois tool used by the Neanderthals?

Back 12

Mousterian.

Front 13

The tool culture of the last of the Neanderthal species, probably formed as a result of the contact between themselves and modern humans.

Back 13

Châtelperronian.

Front 14

The structure of this part of a fossil hominid, and it's connection to the skull, show us if a hominid walked upright, and even if it was capable of speech.

Back 14

Spine.

Front 15

The term for the overall family of organisms to which a species belongs; in the case of human ancestors, either Australopithecus, Paranthropus, Kenyanthropus, or Homo.

Back 15

Genus.

Front 16

The theory of how a species changes over time.

Back 16

Evolution.

Front 17

The act of the formation of new species from a small geographically isolated pocket of an old species.

Back 17

Speciation.

Front 18

The term for all members of the human species, from our earliest ancestors all the way up to our highly developed selves.

Back 18

Hominids.

Front 20

The tools a species knew how to make and use, a key to helping unravel the story of evolution.

Back 20

Toolkit.

Front 21

This structure, broad and cup-like to support the internal organs in humans, is a key to determining if a species stood upright.

Back 21

Pelvis.

Front 22

This continent is the "cradle" of humanity.

Back 22

Africa.

Front 23

An alternative name for the evolutionary synthesis, so called because it proposed that each species evolved from the next in a slow process over time, with only one species around at any one time.

Back 23

Gradualism.

Front 24

The adaptation of walking upright on two legs, one of the earliest of hominid evolutionary adaptations.

Back 24

Bipedalism.

Front 25

Study of this aspect of a hominid skull gives us clues to diet and lifestyle as well as degree of evolution.

Back 25

Teeth.

Front 26

Darwin's first and second books on evolution.

Back 26

The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. 1859

Decent of Man. 1871

Front 27

Often called "survival of the fittest," it is the process by which only the best adapted survive to breed, and pass on their traits.

Back 27

Natural Selection.

Front 28

This great divergent Tectonic Plate boundary between Africa and the Middle East is the site of many rich fossil finds.

Back 28

Great Rift Valley. (cradle of Mankind)

Front 29

The most modern understanding of evolution, this theory proposes long stretches of little change in a species, broken by rapid change and the appearance of new species, with many species alive and competing at any one time.

Back 29

Punctuated Equilibria

Front 30

This basic "building code" of living organisms control your physical attributes, and are responsible for the variation seen in species.

Back 30

DNA.

Front 31

This famous Y-shaped canyon in Africa is the site of some of the richest fossil finds.

Back 31

Olduvai Gorge. (Cradle of Mankind)

Front 32

The natural mutation that occurs in species and which, in time, can result in new evolutionary adaptations.

Back 32

Variation.

Front 33

The presence of this structure on the foot of a fossil hominid can give a clue as to weather it walked upright.

Back 33

Big Toe.

Front 34

The size and shape of this structure in the body is a key to understanding the diet of hominids, as it indicates the size of the digestive tract.

Back 34

Ribcage.

Front 35

the author of the theory of how species change over time.

Back 35

Charles Darwin.

Front 36

The scientific term for a group of creatures which can interbreed within itself, but not with any other creatures outside its group.

Back 36

Species.

Front 37

The technical term for the physical shape and structure of hominid remains, factored studied by scientists in an effort to reconstruct the story of human evolution.

Back 37

Fossils.

Front 38

The shape, size, and internal volume of this part of a fossil hominid is the most commonly used factor in deciding where it belongs in the hominid family tree.

Back 38

Skull.

Front 39

This innovation, probably first found among Homo ergaster or Homo heidelbergensis, is viewed as the beginning of culture.

Back 39

Speech.

Front 40

The divisions of prehistory based on tool technology.

Back 40

Stone Ages.

Front 41

The scientific name for our species.

Back 41

Homo sapiens sapiens.

Front 42

This species of the genus Homo is found only in Asia, and probably evolved there from H. ergaster (though some still think they are variants of the same species).

Back 42

Homo erectus.

Front 43

The first prepared-core tool technique, in which sharp flakes were knocked from specially shaped stone cores by Homo heidelbergensis and later hominids

Back 43

Levallois.

Front 44

Recently discovered, this early species of the Homo genus shows that at least some hominids left Africa much earlier and in a more primitive state of evolution than we had thought.

Back 44

Homo georgicus.

Front 45

A tool that is made from the main piece of stone, from which chips have been removed to make an edge sharp.

Back 45

Core.

Front 46

The common term for those Australopiths that became generalists, eating plants and scavenging animal remains, a tactic which proved successful in the long run.

Back 46

Gracile.

Front 47

The modern theory that modern Homo sapiens arose first in Africa and migrated to the rest of the world, displacing other hominids from Asia and Europe.

Back 47

Replacement. (Out Of Africa)

Front 48

The theory that Homo sapiens arose independently in various regions of the world.

Back 48

Multi Regional.

Front 49

The tool culture of Homo ergaster and later African and European Hominids.

Back 49

Acheulean.

Front 50

Taung Child, the most famous example of this species, is unique in that its brain also survived as a fossil.

Back 50

Australopithicus africanus.

Front 51

The first of the Australopiths, it arose as hominids moved from the forests to the savannas of Africa.

Back 51

Australopithicus anamensis.

Front 52

The last non-sapiens human ancestor to die out; they had a very advanced culture, and were almost certainly as smart as our own species.

Back 52

Homo Neanderthalensis.

Front 53

The first widely recognized branch of the Homo family, the true humans; Homo rudolphensis is thought by some to be an earlier subgroup of this species.

Back 53

Homo habilis.

Front 54

Neanderthals never seemed to posses weapons of the type, perhaps a clue to a difference in their mental processing.

Back 54

Projectile.

Front 55

The Great Ice Age, this climatic shift placed a great part in later human evolution.

Back 55

Pleistocene.

Front 56

This very early biped was a forest-dweller, showing that bipedalism predated savanna life.

Back 56

Australopithicus ramidus.

Front 57

The first use to which our ancestors put their newly invented stone tools.

Back 57

Scavenging.

Front 58

Lucy is by far the most famous example of this early human ancestor, found in the Olduvai Gorge in Eastern Africa.

Back 58

Australopithicus aferensis.

Front 59

This hominid, found primarily in Europe, was the first to routinely master fire, build shelters, use throwing weapons, and hunt big game.

Back 59

Homo heidelbergensis.

Front 60

This early hominid, with its flat face, is favored by some scientists as a direct human ancestor.

Back 60

Kenyanthrapus platyops.

Front 61

This genus of early hominids became specialists, developing specifically to eat roots and nuts, which eventually caused their extinction.

Back 61

Paranthropus. (robust)

Front 62

the term for the tool culture of the earliest Australopithecus and Homo tool users.

Back 62

Oldowan.

Front 63

This early species was one of the two earliest know bipeds, dating to around 7 million years ago.

Back 63

Orrorin tugenensis.

Front 64

Later Gracile Australopiths and members of the Homo genus were _________, eating both meat and plants as they were available, a flexibility which helped them survive varied environments and climates.

Back 64

Omnivores.

Front 65

The lifestyle of Homo erectus and later hominids.

Back 65

Hunter/gatherer lifestyle.

Front 66

This Australopithecus was the first to make and use tools.

Back 66

Australopithicus garhi.

Front 67

One of the earliest bipeds, this species from Chad demonstrates the mix of features common to early hominids.

Back 67

Sahelanthropus tuchadensis.

Front 68

Tools that are made from small pieces of stone chipped from the main tool-stone, they are generally used for small, light-duty tools.

Back 68

Flake.

Front 69

The common name for the culture of Homo sapiens of the late old stone age.

Back 69

Cromagnon.

Front 70

Found in caves and as jewelry, this seems to be a purely modern human innovation, picked up only partially and vary late be Neanderthals.

Back 70

Art.

Front 71

The early African for-runner of Homo erectus, it was the first to leave Africa in large numbers, use more advanced stone tools, and master fire and hunting.

Back 71

Homo Ergaster.

Front 72

The genus name of the majority of our more primitive bipedal ancestors, not yet human enough to be included in the genus Homo.

Back 72

Australopithecus.

Front 73

Our earliest hominid ancestors were this kind of creature, whose diet consists of plants.

Back 73

Herbivores.

Front 74

This genus got archaeologists to look in Chad. It has a single jaw which shows likeness to A. afarensis.

Back 74

Australopithicus bahrelghazali.

Front 75

A bipedal genus that is the earliest of the so-called "robust" hominids. An important specimen of this genus is the "Black Skull."

Back 75

Paranthropus aethiopicus.

Front 76

This bipedal, robust genus's were similer to Parenthropus aethiopicus.

Back 76

Paranthropus Boisei.

Front 77

this robust species had a massive flat skull and huge mollars. They used digging tools.

Back 77

Paranthropus Robustus,

Front 78

This bipedal genus was thought by some to be the first Homo genus.

Back 78

Homo rudolfensis.

Front 79

This little documented European species maybe a common ancestor of H. heidelbergensis and H. neanderthalensis and maybe with H. sapiens.

Back 79

Homo antecessor.

Front 80

The study of body shape and structure.

Back 80

Morphology.

Front 81

opposite of glacial periods. (warmer)

Back 81

Interglacial periods.

Front 82

What do we call more advanced humans including ourselves?

Back 82

Homo.