History Test 1

Front 1

Abraham: (where was he from, what year,...)

Back 1

-From Ur
-CA 1900 BCE
-Brought from Mesopotamia to Canaan
-Entered into a Covenant

Front 2

Neolithic Revolution

Back 2

-CA 10,000 BCE- 6,000 BCE
-earliest villages
-earliest architecture
-pastoral nomadisism

Front 3

Agricultural Revolution: Theory 1

Back 3

Oasis Theory of V. Gordon Childe
-10,000 BCE glaciers retreat
-food sources changed and people followed food
-smaller areas "oases", could support populations as the range of seed crops and animals was reduced
-resources were then so by human alteration that they became domesticated and could not survive as unattended crops

Front 4

Agricultural Revolution: Theory 2

Back 4

-Demographic Explanation
1.Population pressure theories
2.Marginal Habitat Hypothesis
3.Readiness Hypothesis

Front 5

Agricultural Revolution: Theory 2 (Population Pressure Theories)

Back 5

population increased after ice age, and to support themselves so agriculture was developed to support population.

Front 6

Agricultural Revolution: Theory 2 (Marginal Habitat Hypothesis)

Back 6

when the land could no longer support the people they moved and took animals and plants with them

Front 7

Agricultural Revolution: Theory 2(Readiness Hypothesis)

Back 7

no specific environmental reasons. People were just culturally ready to develop plants and animals that were already semi-domesticated. People became sedentary in places where wild plants and animals amenable to domestication were found.

Front 8

Akhenaten

Back 8

-Egyptian
-ruled 1353 BC 1335 BC
-was a pharoah of 18th dynasty of Egypt
-attempted to single-handedly restructure the Egyptian religion to monotheistically worship the Ate

Front 9

Akkadians

Back 9

-people from Akkad, the first major empire. Located in Mesopotamia

Front 10

Alexander the Great

Back 10

-King of Macedon 336-323 BCE
-one of the most successful ancient Greeks
-conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks
-conquered the persian empire,egyptian,etc.
-taught by Aristotle

Front 11

Amos

Back 11

portrays yhwh as God whose laws extended to all people: ethical morality and monotheism moral regeneration rather then ritualism

Front 12

Aristotle

Back 12

-384-322 BCE
-a student of Plato
-teacher of Alexander the Great
-one of the most influential philosophers

Front 13

Babylonian captivity

Back 13

-CA 597-591 BCE
-The Babylonian captivity, or Babylonian exile, is the name generally given to the deportation and exile of the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah to Babylon by Nebuchadnezzar

Front 14

Book of the Dead

Back 14

The Book of the Dead is the common name for ancient Egyptian funerary texts known as The Book of Coming [or Going] Forth By Day
-The Book of the Dead is the common name for ancient Egyptian funerary texts known as The Book of Coming [or Going] Forth By Day

Front 15

Carthage

Back 15

-ancient city in north africa
-a settlement of Phoenicians colonists
-destroyed in the 3rd punic war

Front 16

Chaldeans

Back 16

Part of Babylonia
-in 612 BCE destroyed Ninevah
-conquered Judah

Front 17

Confucius

Back 17

-551 BCE-479 BCE
-chinese Philosopher

Front 18

Cuniform

Back 18

-ca 3000 BCE
-one of the earliest forms of writing
-wedge shaped
-Sammarians

Front 19

Cyrus the Great

Back 19

-Created Persia
-Conquered Babylonia in 539 BCE
-Freed the Jews
-Religious Tolerance

Front 20

Darius 1: or Darius of Persia

Back 20

-CA 549-485 BCE
-Converted to Zoroastrianism
-King during Persian Wars
-invaded Greece but failed

Front 21

Darius III

Back 21

-CA 380-330 BCE
-Last king of Achaemenid Empire
-Deposed during Alexander the Greats conquest

Front 22

Delian League

Back 22

-5th Century BCE
-Association of Greek City States
-the Polis gave money to the league to build up defenses (in case Persia tried to invade again)

Front 23

Diaspora

Back 23

-The Exile of the Jews from Judea in 586 BCE by the Babylonians
-then again in AD 136 by the Roman Empire

Front 24

Enlil

Back 24

-"Lord of the Open Field" or possibly "Lord of the Wind"
-was the name of a chief deity in Sumerian religion

Front 25

Epic of Gilgamesh

Back 25

-epic poem from Babylonia
-a series of summarian legends
-Gilgamesh and Enkidu are friends
-Gilgamesh from Kish

Front 26

Epicureanism

Back 26

Epicureanism is a system of philosophy based upon the teachings of Epicurus (c. 340–c. 270 BC), founded around 307 BC. Epicurus was an atomic materialist, following in the steps of Democritus. His materialism led him to a general attack on superstition and divine intervention.

Front 27

Euphrates

Back 27

The Euphrates is the western of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia (the other being the Tigris)

Front 28

Hammurabi

Back 28

ca. 1810 BCE – 1750 BCE), was the sixth king of Babylon. He became the first king of the Babylonian Empire, extending Babylon's control over Mesopotamia by winning a series of wars against neighboring kingdoms.

Front 29

Hellenistic

Back 29

spreading of Greek culture over the non-Greek people that were conquered by Alexander the Great. According to Droysen, the Hellenistic civilization was a fusion of Greek and Near Eastern cultures

Front 30

helot

Back 30

were the serfs of Sparta

Front 31

Horodotus

Back 31

(484 BC–ca. 425 BC
-is regarded as the "father of history".
-He is almost exclusively known for writing The Histories, a collection of 'inquiries

Front 32

Hittites

Back 32

1. Hittites
a.Indo-European
b.1600-717 BCE
c.Empire greatest 1600-1200 BCE
d. after thier collapse they left a power vacuum
e. inclusivists-added others gods to thier own

Front 33

Hyksos

Back 33

were an Asiatic,likely Semitic people who invaded the eastern Nile Delta
-initiating the Second Intermediate Period of ancient Egypt.
They rose to power in the 1600's BCE, (according to the traditional chronology) and ruled Lower and Middle Egypt for over 100 years, forming the Fifteenth and possibly the Sixteenth Dynasties of Egypt, (c. 1648–1540 BC)
-The Hyksos introduced new tools of warfare into Egypt, most notably the composite bow and the horse-drawn chariot.

Front 34

Iliad

Back 34

The Iliad (Greek Ἰλιάς, Iliás) is, together with the Odyssey, one of two ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer, supposedly a blind Ionian poet. Most modern scholars consider the epics to be the oldest literature in the Greek language, possibly equalled by Hesiod, dated to the 8th or 7th century BC.

Front 35

Legalism

Back 35

-Chinese legal philosophy
-"Legalism" here can bear the meaning of "political philosophy that upholds the rule of law"
-Near the end of the Zhou dynasty from about the sixth century BC to about the third century BC

Front 36

loess

Back 36

-A type of Soil
-it is a fine, silty, windblown (eolian) type of unconsolidated deposit

Front 37

Mandate of Heaven

Back 37

was a traditional Chinese sovereignty concept of legitimacy used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou Dynasty and later the Emperors of China. Heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, but Heaven would be displeased with an unwise ruler and give the Mandate to someone else. "Mandate of Heaven" was also the very first era name of the Qin Dynasty.

Front 38

Marathon

Back 38

The Battle of Marathon, took place in 490 BC and was the culmination of King Darius I of Persia's first major attempt to conquer the remainder of Greece and incorporate it into the Persian Empire, to secure the weakest portion of his western border. Most of what is known of this battle comes from Herodotus.
-Athenians Defeat the Persians

Front 39

Meroë

Back 39

-Meroë is the name of an ancient city on the east bank of the Nile
-This city was the capital of the Kingdom of Kush for several centuries.
-

Front 40

Mithraism

Back 40

i.God that was worshiped before Ahuramazda
1.Became associated with Zoroastrianism by 4th century BCE
2.Mithras: sun god, savior figure; ahuramazda’s chief
3.Mithras cult associated with Dec. 25th
a.Was popular in Rome
4.dies in the struggle comes back to life
5.followers believed they too can come back to life
6.secretive initiation rites, expensive
7.baptized in bulls blood
8.only men could join

Front 41

Narmer

Back 41

-First Pharaoh
-Pharaoh who ruled in the 31st century BC. Thought to be the successor to the predynastic Scorpion, he is considered by some to be the founder of the First dynasty, and therefore the first king of all Egypt
-some believe he unified egypt (upper and lower)

Front 42

Nile River

Back 42

is a major north-flowing river in Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world
-tamed
-predictable

Front 43

Nineveh

Back 43

was an important city in ancient Assyria. This "exceeding great city", as it is called in the Book of Jonah, lay on the eastern bank of the Tigris in modern-day Mosul, Iraq

Front 44

Odyssey

Back 44

The Odyssey (Greek Οδύσσεια (Odússeia) ) is one of the two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to the Ionian poet Homer.

Front 45

Osiris

Back 45

is the Egyptian god of life, death, and fertility. He is one of the oldest Gods for whom records have survived and first appears in the pyramid texts around 2400 BC

Front 46

Papyrus

Back 46

Papyrus is an early form of paper produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, a wetland sedge that was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt

Front 47

Peloponnesian War

Back 47

1.Athens began to try to establish colonies in the Adriatic
2.Sparta starts to feel encroached upon
3.They go to war
4.They destroy eachother
5.Athenians baracade themselves within the walls of Athens
6.Spartans come to besiege the city
7.Athens is weakened by infighting
8.Both weakened by a plague (smallpox?)
9. Sparta wins
10.Creates a vacuum for Alexander to Conquer the Greeks

Front 48

Penelope

Back 48

-Wife of Odysseus

Front 49

Persian Wars

Back 49

-499-448 BCE
-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between several Greek city-states and the Persian Empire
-The expression "Persian Wars" usually refers to both Persian invasions of the Greek mainland in 490 BC and in 480-479 BC[citation needed]; in both cases, the allied Greeks successfully repelled the invasions
-led by Darius I

Front 50

Phalanx

Back 50

is a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, or similar weapons

Front 51

Philistines

Back 51

-CA 1175 BCE
-were a people who invaded the southern coast of Canaan around the time of the arrival of the Israelites
-seafaring people

Front 52

Phoenecia

Back 52

Phoenician civilization was an enterprising maritime trading culture that spread across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC, between the period of 1200 BC to 900 BC
-Canaanites
-Seafaring tradesmen
-called phonecian because of purple dye

Front 53

Plato

Back 53

-427-347 BCE
-student of Socrates
-ancient Greek Philosopher
-wrote the diologues

Front 54

polis

Back 54

-a city-state
-most of ancient Greece was organized in polises

Front 55

Polyphemus

Back 55

-a character in Greek mythology, is a Cyclops, the one-eyed son of Poseidon and Thoosa

Front 56

Protagorus

Back 56

-"man is the measure of all things"

Front 57

Rameses II

Back 57

-CA 1302 BCE
-most powerful pharaoh
-lived to be in his 90's
-beleived to be the Pharoah of the Exodus

Front 58

The Republic

Back 58

is an influential work of philosophy and political theory by the Greek philosopher Plato, written in approximately 360 BC. It is written in the format of a Socratic dialogue

Front 59

Rosetta stone

Back 59

-written with the same passage of writing in two Egyptian language scripts (hieroglyphic and demotic) and in classical Greek. It was created in 196 BC, discovered by the French in 1799 at Rosetta
-helped decipher hieroglyphics

Front 60

Salamis

Back 60

Salamis was an ancient city-state on the east coast of Cyprus, at the mouth of the river Pedieos, 6 km North of Famagusta.

Front 61

Shang Dynasty

Back 61

a.1900 bce-1100 bce
b.Warrior aristocracy
2.Had early examples of Chinese writings
d.Shamanistic

Front 62

Skepticism

Back 62

In classical philosophy, skepticism refers to the teachings and the traits of the Skeptikoi, a school of philosophers of whom it was said that they "asserted nothing but only opined" (Liddell and Scott). In this sense, philosophical skepticism, or pyrrhonism, is the philosophical position that one should avoid the postulation of final truths.

Front 63

Socrates

Back 63

-CA470–399 BC was an ancient Greek philosopher who is widely credited for laying the foundation for Western philosophy.

Front 64

Solomon

Back 64

-965-922 BCE
-is a figure described in Middle Eastern scriptures as a wise ruler of an empire centred on the united Kingdom of Israel

Front 65

Sophists

Back 65

In the second half of the 5th century B.C., and especially at Athens, "sophist" came to be applied to a group of thinkers and speakers who employed rhetoric to achieve their purposes, generally to persuade or convince others. Many of them taught their skills, apparently often for a fee. Due to the importance of such skills in the litigious social life of Athens, practitioners of such skills often commanded very high fees. The practice of taking fees, coupled with the willingness of many sophists to use their rhetorical skills to pursue unjust lawsuits, eventually led to a decline in respect for practitioners of this form of teaching and the ideas and writings associated with it.

Front 66

Sophocles

Back 66

-495-406 BCE
-was an ancient playwrite who wrote tragedies

Front 67

Stoicism

Back 67

-333 BC-264 BC
Stoicism is a school of philosophy, founded upon the teachings of Zeno of Citium (333 BC - 264 BC) in Ancient Greece, and which became popular in the Greco-Roman Empire.
-Stoicism teaches that self-control, fortitude and detachment from distracting emotions, sometimes interpreted as an indifference to pleasure or pain, allows one to become a clear thinker, level-headed and unbiased. A primary aspect of Stoicism would be described as improving the individual’s spiritual well-being.

Front 68

Sumer

Back 68

Sumer was the earliest known civilization of the ancient Near East, located in the southern part of Mesopotamia

Front 69

Thucydides

Back 69

-Ca 460 BC-395 BCE
-was an ancient Greek historian, and the author of the History of the Peloponnesian War, which recounts the 5th century BC war between Sparta and Athens to the year 411 BC. Thucydides is considered by many to be a scientific historian because of his efforts in his History to describe the human world in terms of cause and effect, his strict standards of gathering evidence, and his neglect of the gods in explaining the events of the past.

Front 70

Tigris

Back 70

The Tigris is the eastern member of the pair of great rivers that define Mesopotamia, along with the Euphrates, which flows from the mountains of Anatolia through Iraq.

Front 71

The 12 Olympians

Back 71

in Greek religion, were the principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus.

Front 72

Ur

Back 72

Ur was an ancient city in southern Mesopotamia, located near the mouth (at the time) of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers on the Persian Gulf and close to Eridu.

Front 73

Warring States Period

Back 73

The Warring States Period, in contrast to the Spring and Autumn Period, was a period when regional warlords annexed smaller states around them and consolidated their rule. The process began in the Spring and Autumn Period, and by the 3rd century BC, seven major states had risen to prominence

Front 74

Xerxes

Back 74

-485-465 BCE
Xerxes the Great was a Persian Emperor of the Achaemenid dynasty
-invaded Greece (failed)

Front 75

Yellow River

Back 75

2nd largest river in china

Front 76

yin and yang

Back 76

originate in ancient Chinese philosophy and metaphysics, which describe two primal opposing but complementary principles or cosmic forces said to be found in all non-static objects and processes in the universe.

Front 77

Zhou Dynasty

Back 77

-1122-256 BCE (longest lasting)
-introduction of iron
-philosophers like Confucius
-legalism

Front 78

Ziggurat

Back 78

A ziggurat "to build on a raised area" is a temple tower of the ancient Mesopotamian valley and Iran,

Front 79

Zoroaster

Back 79

-CA 1200 BCE
-was an ancient Iranian prophet and the founder of Zoroastrian religion