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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Virtual Representation
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An early Revolution idea of the British that Americans should only be “pretend” represented in Parliament by British members with “similar” views.
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Salutary Neglect
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An undocumented policy of Britain that rejected the representation of America in order to avoid the separation of the nations.
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Second Continental Congress
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A convention of the 13 states’ delegates that occurred in May of 1775 and intended to shape America’s future government.
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Federation
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A unity of both the national government system and the smaller, state government systems.
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Bourbon Reforms
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Political and economic-based actions taken by the Spanish monarchy with the intention to modernize Spain and make advances as a country.
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Gran Colombia
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The Republic of Colombia that existed from 1819-1831.
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Intendants
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The central, leading figures of a political group, typically of Noble descent
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Caudillos
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Creole dictators that ruled the Latin and Middle America regions during the middle of the 1800’s.
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Expansionism (1860’s-1870’s)
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The movement in which America began to expand its trade destinations with the intention to sell industrial products and obtain raw goods.
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Republicanism
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The people, rather than a single authoritative figure, should have all the power in a political system.
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Strict Construction
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Upholding the power of the states over the power of the national government, closely following the constitution.
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Loose Construction
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The idea that the rules of the constitution can be bended and added to.
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Popular Sovereignty
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Each individual state or region should be allowed to decide whether or not slavery should be allowed in that specific state.
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Great Compromise
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1787 compromise that resolved the representation issues by having the states represented in the lower house, with each slave counting as just three-fifths of a person, and also in the upper house, with two members per state.
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Articles of Confederation
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Ratified in 1781, documents promoting Continental Congress to remain the lone coordinator of the war.
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Nationalism
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The cultural independence that Americans aspired to have after achieving political independence from Europe.
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Federalist Party
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A group who believed in the separation of power between states and the nation, and the system of “checks and balances.”
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Democratic-Republican Party
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A political party around the 1828 presidential election for Jackson that encouraged less privileges and more opportunity.
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Embargo
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A law enacted in 1807 by Republican legislators that disallowed American ships from arriving in foreign ports.
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Era of Good Feelings
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An expansion of time following the end of the War of 1812 in which economy flourished along with white settlement and trade, new states were created, and there was an overall heightened sense of nationalism throughout America.
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War of 1812
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The U.S. declared this war because of trade issues (Britain didn’t want the U.S. trading with France) and also competition over the expansion into Canada.
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Indian Removal Act of 1830
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A policy signed by president Andrew Jackson in 1830 that suggested that the Native Americans be relocated to allow for room for the white colonists.
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Bureau of Indian Affairs
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A non-government agency in charge of land distribution, making payments, and supervision of supply shipments that started in 1824 by John C. Calhoun.
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Manifest Destiny
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America as a nation was destined by God and by the past to expand and become a national power—idea that grew in popularity in the U.S. in the 1840’s.
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Texas Annexation
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The annexation of the Republic of Texas that occurred in 1845 as the 28th state in the U.S. Texas had just won independence from Mexico.
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Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana
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A Mexican political leader who fought for and was supportive of entire independence from Spain.
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Bear Flag Revolution
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A conflict in 1846 in California that had been initiated by American settlers.
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Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
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The peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American war in 1848. It stated that land grants would be awarded to Spanish and Mexican citizens in the U.S.
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Mexican Cession
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The Southwest region of land in the United States that was yielded by Mexico to the U.S. as a result of the end of the war.
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Oregon Treaty
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A treaty signed on June 14th of 1846 that settled the dispute between America and the British Empire surrounding the Oregon boundary.
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Donner Party
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A group of American settlers that were heading to California in 1846 who got trapped in the midst of winter and had to result to cannibalism to survive.
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Jacksonian Democracy
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A philosophy of life and system of political beliefs that placed emphasis on the common man instead of focusing on social and economical classes and intended to include all white male citizens.
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American System
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An economic plan proposed in 1824 that promoted taxes supporting internal developments such as road-building and a national bank for improved enterprise and to form a national currency.
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Upper Canada
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A British colony that existed from 1791-1841 that is approximately the same area as modern-day Southern Ontario and upper parts of the state of Michigan.
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Lower Canada
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A British colony that existed from 1791-1841 as the area on the lower St. Lawrence River and the shores of Gulf Saint Lawrence.
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William MacKenzie
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A Canadian railway contractor and entrepreneur who helped plan the Canadian Northern Railway in 1895.
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Louis-Joseph Papineau
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A Republican politician, lawyer, landlord, and the leader of the Reformist Patriot Movement that occurred before the Lower Canadian Rebellion from 1837-1838.
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Rebellions of 1837
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A pair of rebellions occurring in Upper and Lower Canada in 1837 and 1838 that arose in response to political reformation and conflicts involving ethics.
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Durham Report
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A report investigating the causes of the two rebellions of 1837 that was instigated by Whig politician John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham; he made conclusions and recommendations.
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British North America Act of 1867
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A part of the Canadian Constitution that still exists actively today as a major contributor to the current government. It defines the federal structure, House of Commons, Senate, justice system and taxation system.
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William Lloyd Garrison
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A man who wrote a weekly anti-slavery newspaper called “The Liberator” and founded the “New England Antislavery Society” in 1832.
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Sectionalism
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The division of loyalty in the United States.
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Emancipation
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The gain of political rights, recognition of freedom, and equality amongst others.
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Nullification
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The process of attempting to make a law invalid or refusing to enforce it for the reasons that it is unconstitutional.
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Abolition
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The idea that slavery should be completely and entirely erased from society.
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Secession
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The breaking off or detachment of a state or section of a nation in an attempt to develop individually or with a group separate from the motherland.
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War of Attrition
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A tactic used in warfare that is resorted to when the only apparent option is to completely eliminate as many people as possible on the opposing side.
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Antebellum Society
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A period of time in the early 1800s in the United States during which there was a great number of reform movements and rapid societal changes. It was defined by celebrating the individual, and the desire for order and stability.
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Copperheads
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A group known as the “Peace Democrats”—people who did not support the war but just wanted to achieve balance once again between the two sections of the United States.
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Missouri Compromise of 1820
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The compromise called for the permission to own slaves south of the Louisiana Purchase line but to eliminate slavery north of the line.
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Compromise of 1850
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A plan devised by Henry Clay with the intention to end all section-based issues. It promoted nationalism and gave the different sections the power to vote separately, particularly on the issues of slavery.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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This act repealed the earlier Missouri Compromise and divided the territory into two separate states.
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Dred Scott Decision
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A controversial case that began on March 6, 1857, involving the rights of a former Missouri slave and whether or not he could sue the widow of his former master.
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Fugitive Slave Act
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A portion of the Compromise of 1850 stating that all runaway (fugitive) slaves be returned to their masters.
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Anaconda Plan
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A plan proposed by Winfield Scott that intended to block the Southern ports by way of dividing the South in two through the Mississippi River.
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American Anti-Slavery Society
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A group developed and organized by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833 that encouraged the anti-slavery movement in the Union.
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American Colonization Society
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A group created in 1817 that worked to abolish slavery without challenging property rights or the lifestyle and culture of the South.
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Free Soldiers
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Once the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, enlistment of blacks became extremely common.
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Wilmont Proviso
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An amendment proposed by David Wilmont that requested that slavery be disallowed in any territory acquired from Mexico.
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Ostend Manifesto
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A private document sent from Belgium that requested Cuba be seized forcefully.
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Compromise of 1850
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A plan devised by Henry Clay with the intention to end all section-based issues. It promoted nationalism and gave the different sections the power to vote separately, particularly on the issues of slavery.
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Kansas-Nebraska Act
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This act repealed the earlier Missouri Compromise and divided the territory into two separate states.
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Dred Scott Decision
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A controversial case that began on March 6, 1857, involving the rights of a former Missouri slave and whether or not he could sue the widow of his former master.
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Fugitive Slave Act
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A portion of the Compromise of 1850 stating that all runaway (fugitive) slaves be returned to their masters.
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Anaconda Plan
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A plan proposed by Winfield Scott that intended to block the Southern ports by way of dividing the South in two through the Mississippi River.
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American Anti-Slavery Society
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A group developed and organized by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833 that encouraged the anti-slavery movement in the Union.
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American Colonization Society
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A group created in 1817 that worked to abolish slavery without challenging property rights or the lifestyle and culture of the South.
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Free Soldiers
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Once the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, enlistment of blacks became extremely common.
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Wilmont Proviso
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An amendment proposed by David Wilmont that requested that slavery be disallowed in any territory acquired from Mexico.
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Ostend Manifesto
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A private document sent from Belgium that requested Cuba be seized forcefully.
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Antietam
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A battle in which McClellan allowed Lee time to gather together his forces behind Antietam Creek in order to prepare for the extremely violent fight...literally a Union victory.
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Shiloh
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A battle that became a gain for the North once Grant gathered 25,000 new troops and forced Beauregard’s withdrawal from the battle, giving the North control over the Mississippi river up to Memphis.
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Gettysburg
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A battle in which Lee’s army was outnumbered by Meade’s army but they assaulted them on Cemetery Ridge anyway; it became obvious that the Confederacy would lose.
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Vicksburg
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A battle over final portion of the Mississippi River that involved Grant attacking a town unexpectedly until they surrendered to the Union on July 4, 1863.
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Freedman’s Bureau
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A federal, United States agency that helped out refugees of the Civil War by distributing food, establishing homes, educating and finding jobs for many former slaves.
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Reconstruction
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A period of time in the United States occurring during and following the Civil War (1863-1877) that focused on abolishing slavery and the Confederacy.
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Radical Republican
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A segment of the Republican political party of the U.S. formed in 1854 which sought out better policies against slavery and were opposed to the Democrats.
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“Civil War Amendments”
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The 13th (1865) made slavery illegal, the 14th (1868) was often called the “Great Amendment” because it helped to protect the rights of former slaves, saying that all born in the U.S. were natural citizens, and the 15th amendment (1870’s) and it prohibited discrimination in the voting polls.
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Segregation
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The general separation of blacks and whites during the period of time following the Civil War. Many people believed in the idea of “separate but equal” rights and this was shown through public institutions.
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Carpetbagger
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Used by Southerners to describe those who moved from the North to the South during the Reconstruction Era
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Scalawag
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The name for Southern white people who supported Reconstruction from 1863-1877.
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Impeachment
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The first two stages in the process of the legislative group to remove a government official for the reasons of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.
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Civil Rights
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A series of rights promoting freedom of integrity, speech, individuality, association etc. and especially from racial discrimination.
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Sharecropper
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An agricultural system in which a landowner lends out a portion of his land to a tenant in exchange for a portion of the crops produced by the tenant.
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Martial Law
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The system that occurs when the military has a great influence over a normally government-operated system of justice.
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Civil Disobedience
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The practice of refusing to obey certain laws or policies without resorting to physical violence and enforcement.
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Lynching
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A killing “punishment” performed by mobs or groups of people that are not regulated by the official government.
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Nation of Islam
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An organization formed in Detroit, Michigan in 1930 by Wallace Fard Muhammad, that’s main belief that Allah was the one and only God
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Freedom Rider
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A Civil Rights activist who rode in interstate buses with the destination of segregated portions of the South.
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De Jure Segregation
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The form of racial segregation enforced (forced) by law.
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De Facto Segregation
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Homogeneous racial grouping that is not forced but can appear to have occurred by racism.
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Black Power
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The movement of black people to consolidate their own power and worth and build political and cultural institutions.
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Affirmative Action
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The controversial process of taking certain steps, such as preferential selection, to better represent minorities in public institutions especially in areas of employment, education and business.
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Poll Tax
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The tax that requires certain citizens to pay to vote.
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Literacy Test
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The government practice of testing the literacy of citizens at the federal level and of voters at the state level.
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Grandfather Laws
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The allowance of a law to continue to exist in certain current situations but to be disallowed in future situations.
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Jim Crow Laws
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U.S. state and local laws enforced from 1876-1965 that allowed de jure segregation in public institutions and the idea of “separate but equal” rights when referring to African Americans.
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Ku Klux Klan
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A white Supremacist secretive society first formed in 1865 by past Confederate army members. They resorted to violence, terrorism, lynching and if nothing else simply threatening and intimidation.
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Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
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The U.S. Supreme Court decision that ruled that separate but equal rights on intrastate railroads was constitutional which later mandated other ideas of separate but equal segregation in the United States until the concept was overruled in 1954 by Brown vs. The Board of Education.
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