History Staar 8Th Grade

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marbury v. madison

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established judicial review allows federal courts to strick down laws that violate the United States

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Dred Scott vs. Sanford

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supreme court ruled that slaves were property and could never become citizens

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Federalists

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supported ratification of the constitution led by hamilton, madison, and jay- believed in a strong national government

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anti-federalists

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opposed ratification of the constitution- led by Patrick Henry and George Mason. thought the constitution should have a Bill of Rights

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magna carta

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major ideas found in the U.S constitution of limiting the powers to tax and the right to a fair trial

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english bill of rights

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foundation for american government for basic freedoms such as freedom of speech and trial by jury

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mayflower comact

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document signed by the pilgrims in which they agreed they would form a representative government and obey its laws

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common sense/ the crisis

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written by thomas paine

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Articles of Confederation

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document, which formed the first government of the U.S. near the end of the american revolution. the confederation government gave states more power than the federal government

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Federalist Papers

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essays written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay to support the ratification on the constitution

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US Constitution

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a documnent outlining the basic form and rules of the U.S. Government

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US bill of rights

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first ten amendments to the constitution guaranteeing individual liberties and due process of law

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Washington's farewell Address

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Washington warned against entering into alliances (groups) with other countries

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emancipation proclamation

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freed the slaves in the states of rebellion and changed the purpose of the war to include ending slavery along with preserving the Union

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Gettysburg Address

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speech given by president Lincoln emphasizing the ideas of liberty, equality, and union purpose of the Civil War

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13th amendment

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gave freedom to the slaves in all of the states

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14th amendment

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required states to give citizenship to all citizens born in the untied states and gave other basic civil rights

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15th amendment

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gave African Americans the right to vote

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Missouri compromise 1820, compromise of 1850, and the Kansas Nebraska Act

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all were examples of the government compromises that actually spread slavery further in the country

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how do political parties begin

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the begin with arguments over the power of the federal government and an opposition to Hamilton's plan for government

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federalist party

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believe in strong federal (central) government; emphasis on manufacturing, loose interpretation of the constitution, protective tariffs, National Bank, British alliance, and rile by the wealthy

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democratic republican

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strong state governments, emphais on agriculture, strict interpretation of the constitution, French alliance, state banks, free trade

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whig party

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replaced the federalist party after in dissolved in the 1800s. held many of the federalist party's believe

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democratic party

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began with election of Andrew Jackson in 1828

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republican party

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began before the civil war as an anti-slavery party. Abraham Lincoln was elected the first republican in 1860

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1775-1781 american revolution

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conflict between great britian and it's colonies in america. the american colonies declared their independence and were victorious. they became the United states

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1775- Lexington/ concord

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first shots of the revolution

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1777- saratoga

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turning point of the revolution

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1781- yorktown

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last battle of the revolution official end- treaty of paris

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1812-1814 war of 1812

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war that began in part over the british impressiveness of american sailors. no territory changed hands

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1813- Ft. McHenry

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star spangled banner written

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1815- battle of new orleans

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A. Jackson Gains popularity, final battle of the war, official end - treaty of Ghent

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1846-1848 Mexican war

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war between US and Mexico. Treaty of Guadalupe- Hidalgo gains Mexican cession for US acquired land that would become CA,NM, NV,AZ

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1861-1865 civil war

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union (North) vs. confederacy (south)

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1861- fort sumter

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first shots of the civil war

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1863 gettysburg

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turning point of the civil war

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1863 vicksburg

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gave north control of Mississippi river

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1865 Appomattox courthouse

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lee surrenders; war is over and its the last battle of the civil war

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checks and balances

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each branch of government can check the power of the other two branches- keeps any one branch from becoming too powerful

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federalism

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division of power between the national and state governments

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free enterprise system

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individual people and not the government control the economy; people decide what to make,sell, and buy

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Jacksonian democracy

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spreading political power to all people to ensure majority rule

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limited government

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governments powers are limited to those given to it by the people

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Louisiana purchase

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land brought by US in 1803; from rocky Mts. to Mississippi river

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manifest destiny

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this was the name given to the idea that the united states was destined to expand from the atlantic to pacific ocean

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mercnatillism

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system in which it is a colony's responsibility to support its parent country

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northwest ordinance

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set up the method by which the untied states territory could grow and expand in an orderly manner. outlawed slavery in the northwest territory

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nullification

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idea that a state government could nullify or ignore a federal law that they feel unfairly hurts their state (or unconstitutional); S. Carolina nearly attempted to secede from US after nullifying protective tariffs in 1828, 1832, but agreed to compromise in 1833

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popular sovereignty

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a government in which the people rule by their own consent

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protective tariffs

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taxes on imported goods that are designed to help Untied States companies compete in the sale of those goods

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republicanism

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form of government where people are ruled through elected officials

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separation of powers

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the division of power between three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial

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trail of tears

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Cherokee and other native tribes were forced west from Georgia to reservation land (Indian territory- Oklahoma) after Andrew Jackson signed the Indian removal act into law-many died along the trail

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treaty of Paris 1783

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officially ended american revolution; British recognized Untied States as a free and independent country and its lands to the Mississippi river

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unalienable rights

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basic rights that cannot be taken away from the people such as-" life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness"- these rights are stated in the declaration of Independence

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Virginia house of burgesses

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first representative assembly (legislature) in the colonies

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1607- Jamestown was founded

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1st permanent English settlement in north america. located in virginia

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1776- deceleration of independence

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written mostly by Thomas Jefferson. it listed grievances (complaints) and charges against the parliament and declared the colonies free and independent from Great Britian

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1787- Philadelphia Convention (also called the Constitutional Convention)

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delegates met in Philadelphia Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania to revise the Articles of Confederation; instead they wrote a new constitution and formed a federal system of government

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1803- Louisiana Purchase

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land purchased during president Jefferson's term of office from France for $15 million. the land was from the Mississippi river to the rocky mountains and was explored by Lewis and Clark

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1861-1865- civil war

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war between the union (north) and the confederacy (south) over states' rights and slavery

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Cotton gin

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invented by Eli Whitney in 1790s to remove the seeds from cotton. Cotton production AND slavery increase. Textile Factories- used machines to produce cloth in large quantities. Samuel Slater established the first textile factory

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interchangeable parts

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parts that can be substituted for one another in the manufacturing process. Eli Whitney developed interchangeable parts in the 1800s. production increases, and prices decreases

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steamboats

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powered by a steam engine in 1830s

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trains

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powered by steam locomotives in the 1830s

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telegraph

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samuel morse built the first telegraphy system in the 1840s

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abolitionists movement

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social movement to end slavery. (leaders: fredrick douglas, sojourner truth, william l. garrison)

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education movement

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horace mann led the movement to establish free, state financed elementary schools

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women's movement

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focused gaining voting rights (suffrage) for women (leaders: elizabeth cady stanton, susan B. Anthony, lucretia mott)

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temperance movement

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opposed the drinking of alcohol and encouraged reformers to find solutions to other social problems

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abigail adams

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wife of john adams, supporter of american revolution, wrote about expanding women's rights

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john adams

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revolutionary leader from MA, served in the second continental congress, became 2nd president of the U.S.

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john Quincy Adams

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son of john adams, famous diplomat , 6th president of the US

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james armistead

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famous african american patroit spy during the american revolution

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samuel adams

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broston patriot who opposed stamp act and organised the sons of liberty and comittees of correspondence, helping in the planning of the boston tea party

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cripus attucks

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victim of the boston massacre, first african american to fall during the american revolution

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phillip c. calhoun

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vice president during past of jackson's presidency, led the protest against the tariff of 1828. argued states had the right to nullify (cancel) a federal law in the nullification crisis

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william carney

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african american soldier during the civil war, awarded the medal of honor

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wentworth cheswell

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member of the committee of saftey, fought during the american revolution

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henry clay

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known as the great compromise in the congress. he authorized the 1820 Missouri compromise (equal balance of slave and free states) and proposed tariff reductions to end the nullification crisis

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jefferson davis

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president of the confederacy during the civil war

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fredrick douglass

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famous black abolitionist, born a slave but fled to Massachusetts- published an abolitionist newspaper, the north star

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benjamin franklin

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most celebrated colonial american. proposed plan to unite the colonies during the french and Indian war (join of die cartoon), helped Jefferson write the deceleration of independence, and was the french ambassador during the american revolution

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bernardo de galvez

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spanish military leader, defeated british army in florida, aided patrions with arms/ supplies

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william llyod garrison

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abolitionist who published a journal, the liberator, to end slavery

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king george III

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king of england during the american revolution-wanted colonists to pay more taxes to support the british government- named as a tyrant in the deceleration of independence

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ulysses S. Grant

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union general, named general-in-chief during the civil war- later became president of U.S.

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alexander hamilton

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one of the authors of the federalist papers- argued for a strong national government to regulate commerce for U.S business/ authorized the financial plan for George Washington's presidency

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patrick henry

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inspired colonists during the american revolution with the famous quote, "give me liberty or give me death!" leader of the anti-federalist and opposed a strong national government

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thomas jefferson

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main author of the deceleration of independence. opposed Hamilton's ideas as a cabinet member during Washington's presidency, led to first political party, Democratic- republicans- became the 3rd president of the us led the Louisiana purchase

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andrew jackson

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famous general at the battle of new Orleans in the war of 1812/ became the 7th president of the united states- known for the Indian removal act, forced removal of Cherokees from Georgia to present day Oklahoma on the famous "trail of tears"

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merquis de layayette

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french military officer who helped defeat the british during the american revolution

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robert E. lee

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commander of the confederate army during the civil war

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abraham lincoln

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president during the civil war- vowed to preserve the union at the beginning of the war in his first inaugural address in 1861 , and later added to abolish slavery in the confederate states in the emancipation proclamation in 1862. his second inaugural address spoke out against slavery. Lincoln was assassinated in 1865 by john Wilkes booth, a confederate sympathizer

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james madison

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"father of the Constitution" one of the authors of the federalist papers arguing for a strong federalist, then gradually became a Democratic- republican, Jefferson's secretary of state, and the 4th president of the US

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james monroe

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democratic- republican, 5th president of the U.S. famous for the Monroe doctrine issued during his presidency- Monroe doctrine opposed European powers to colonize in the western hemisphere and "hands off" warning to european nations to stay in their hemisphere and became the foreign policy for the U.S. for many yearst

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thomas paine

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wrote, common sense, a pamphlet which argued that it was foolish for the colonies to be governed by a country so far away and that the colonies should have self- rule

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james K. polk

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president form 1845 to 1849 known as the manifest destiny president for the many large land acquisitions during his administration: taxes, Oregon counrty, and the mexican cession

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haym solomon

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polish born Jewish immigrant to america, helped finance the american revolution

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elizabeth cady stanton

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wrote the deceleration of the rights of women, which launched the women's movement to gain voting rights, with Lucretia Mott, she helped to organize the Seneca falls convention

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mercy otis warren

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wrote, letters, poems, and plays that supported the patriot cause during the relolution

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george washington

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commander-in-chief of the continental army during the american revolution. later became the first president of the united states

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daniel webster

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senator who favored strong national government instead of states' rights during the nullification crisis

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phillis wheatley

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first African american poet and 1st to publish a book. while a slave during the revolutionary period wrote poems honoring famous figures (like george washington) and that reflected the colonist's rebellious actions

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industrial revolution

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movement from Europe in which america saw its level of industry grow to levels which encouraged urbanization (the movement of more and more people to cities and away from farming)