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285 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Ferdinand and Isabella fear? |
They feared the interference of Portugal in the formal confirmation of their ownership of the new lands discovered in South America |
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What is the "Line of Demarcation"? |
This line, drawn by the pope, at 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands divided the heathen world into two parts, the east for Portugal, and the west for Spain |
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What did the treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 hope to accomplish? |
The moving of the Line of Demarcation farther west so as to give Portugal, who had the stronger navy, more land |
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In what year did Vasco Nunez de Balboa cross the isthmus of Panama and see the Pacific Ocean? |
1513 |
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After what year did the conquistadors turn their attention to the American mainland? |
1510 |
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In what year did Juan Ponce de Leon claim Florida for Spain? |
1513 |
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In what year did Hernando Cortes lead his dramatic expedition against the Aztecs? |
1519 |
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By the 1550s most of South America had been _____? |
Conquered |
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Who was Cabeza de Vaca? |
He was one of the 400 survivors of Panfilio de Narvaez's disastrous expedition in 1528 who brought with him the story of the Seven Cities of Cibola |
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In response to the Seven Cities of Cibola, which two Spanish expeditions were launched into the interior of North America? |
Hernando de Soto's 600-man expedition in on 1539-1541 which he discovered the Mississipi river who's bank he was buried on, and Francisco Vasquez de Coronado in 1540-1542 who's men saw the Grand Canyon |
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What did Hernando de Soto and Franciso Vasquez de Coronado's expeditions accomplish? |
While neither discovered rich Indian civilization to plunder, both increased Europe's knowledge of the interior of North America and asserted Spain's territorial claims to the continent |
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Why did only about 200,000 Spaniards come to America during the sixteenth century? |
Population pressures were low in Spain at this time |
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Why did Spaniards begin importing African Slaves? |
To deal with the labor shortages, Spaniards began to use Indian slaves. As these slaves died from being overworked, disease, and malnutrition, Spaniards began to import Africans to supply their labor needs |
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Why did the King of England sponsor Italian John Cabot's expedition in 1497? |
To find a Northwest Passage to the Orient |
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Why did the English colonist enjoy a greater degree of freedom than the Spaniards did earlier? |
English efforts were supported by private, rather than government funds as a result of English commercial capitalism. Spain's efforts were drained by the supplying of wealth for the furtherance of it's military-political goals in Europe |
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What encouraged the Spaniards to build a fort at the settlement of St. Augustine, Florida? |
The Spaniards feared encroachment into their "exclusive holdings" in America |
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Why did King Philip II dispatch the Spanish Armada in 1588 to conquer England? |
Partially because of Elizabeth's support of Protestants but also because she openly supported Francis Drake's raids of Spanish settlements on the Pacific coast of Central America |
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What establish England as a great power? |
The defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English Navy |
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What was English sea captain Martin Frobisher looking for in 1576? |
A Northwest Passage, he also brought back loads of fool's gold from Canada |
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What did Sir Humphrey Gilbert's charter guarantee? |
It guaranteed the prospective colonists all the rights of those born and residing in England, this set an important precedent for future colonial charters |
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Who was Virginia Dare? |
The first English child born in America |
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What encouraged Englishmen to once again undertake the planting of colonies? |
The recent victory over Spain and also the writings of Richard Hakluyt |
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What caused the Plymouth Company to fold? |
The failure of their colony in Maine, planted in 1607 |
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Why was there a lack of incentive in early Jamestown? |
Because the colony was owned by the Virginia Company of London, all members had en equal share of the profits regardless of how much or how little they worked |
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What was John Smith's rule? |
"He who works not, eats not". |
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What did John Rolfe discover in 1612? |
A superior strain of tobacco, this gave Virginia a major cash crop |
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How did the indenture system begin? |
To secure more settlers and boost Virginia's shrinking labor force, the VCofL moved to make immigration possible for Britan's poor |
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Who where Lord De La Warr, Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir Thomas Dale? |
They were governors given dictatorial powers by the VCofL who ruled harshy |
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What was the House of Burgesses? |
A representative assembly founded in 1619, the first in America |
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Why did King James I revoke the VCofL's charter? |
He was impressed by the potential profits of tobacco growing and made Virginia a royal colony, a pattern repeated throughout history |
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Who founded a trading post in Quebec in 1608? |
Samuel de Champlain |
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What was one of the reasons Frenchmen were able to maintain good relations with the Indians? |
They came in relatively small numbers |
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Who explored the Mississippi river in 1673? |
Jacques Marquette |
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Who followed the Mississippi river to it's mouth in 1682? |
Sieur de la Salle |
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Who was Henry Hudson? |
An Englishman sent by Holland in 1609 to search for a Northwest Passage |
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Who was Roger Williams? |
A dissident who was asked to leave the Puritan colony and started his own called Providence in 1636 |
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Who was Anne Hutchinson? |
A dissident banished from the Puritan Colony who started her own colony called Portsmouth in 1638 |
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What was the colony of Rhode Island? |
In 1644 Roger Williams combined settlements and formed a colony that granted complete religious toleration, it was primarily populated by exiles and troublemakers from other colonies |
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Who founded Connecticut? |
Thomas Hooker in 1636 |
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What was the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut? |
Drawn up in 1639, this document was the first written constitution in America |
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Who was John Davenport? |
The Puritan leader who founder the colony of New Haven |
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What was the Act of Religious Toleration? |
In order to protect the Catholic minority of Maryland, George Calvert approved this document guaranteing political rights to Christians of all persuasions |
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Who settled South Carolina? |
English planters from Barbados who brought with them black salves |
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What was the pretext for the crown to takeover New Jersey as a royal colony in 1702? |
Conflicting claims of land ownership resulting from the miscommunication of Richard Nichols and King James |
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What cause New England to grow during the seventeenth century? |
Besides immigration, a typical New England family had more children and lived longer that his counterpart in England of Chesapeake |
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What changed between 1640 and 1670 in Chesapeake? |
Blacks came to be treated less like indentured servants and more like life long chattel slaves whose status was inherited by their children |
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What does Mercantilism pertain to? |
The belief that the world's wealth is sharply limited |
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What did the Navigation Acts seek to accomplish? |
The transference of wealth from America to Britain |
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Why was the Massachusetts charter revoked in 1684? |
It was revoked as retaliation for that colony's large-scale evasion of the Navigation Acts |
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Who was executed for resisting to turn over power to the new royal governor? |
Jacob Leisler |
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What happened in Massachusetts in 1692? |
The Salem witch trials |
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Who were the Pennsylvania Dutch? |
Germans who settled close to the frontier |
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What ended the War of the League of Augsburg, also known as King William's war in 1697? |
The Treaty of Ryswick |
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What ended the War of Spanish Succession, also known as Queen Anne's War in 1713? |
The Treaty of Utrecht which gave Britain major territorial gains and trade advantages |
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What ended King George's War, also know as the War of Austrian Succession, or the War of Jenkin's Ear in 1748? |
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle which gave Britain lands in India |
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Who was William Pepperrell? |
The leader of an all New England army who capture the French fortress of Louisbourg |
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What is rationalism? |
The belief that human reason is enough to solve all of mankind's problems |
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Who wrote Poor Richard's Almanac? |
Benjamin Franklin |
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What sermon is Jonathan Edwards best known for? |
"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" |
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What did the British begin in 1763? |
The started pushing to gain new authority over the colonies which led directly to American independence |
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What are Writs of Assistance? |
They are general search warrants designed to help royal officials stop evasion of Britain's mercantilist trade restrictions |
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What did James Otis argue in 1761? |
Though he lost his case, James Otis argued that Writs of assistance were contrary to natural law |
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Who was elected Prime Minister in 1763? |
George Grenville |
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What was a big problem for England in 1763? |
The large debt incurred during the recent war |
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What was the Proclamation of 1763? |
This proclamation forbade white settlers to move west of the Appalachians, partly to make the Indians happy but also kept settlers close to the coast and therefore easier to control |
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What was the Sugar Act, also known as the Revenue Act? |
Pushed through parliament in 1764, the Sugar Act was aimed at raising revenue by taxes on goods imported by the Americans and was stringently enforced |
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Why was the Quartering Act passed? |
Grenville wanted to maintain control of both colonist and Indians and so forced the colonist to support his standing army of 10,000 British regulars |
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What was the Currency Act of 1764 stopping? |
It forbade once and for all any attempts by the colonists to issue currency not redeemable in gold or silver which made sure Americans were unable to avoid the constant drain of money by mercantilist policies |
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What was the Stamp Act? |
In 1765, Grenville imposed a direct tax on Americans for the first time, Americans were required to purchase revenue stamps on everything |
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What was a direct result of the Stamp Act? |
James Otis and later Samuel Adams formed the Sons of Liberty |
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Patrick Henry introduced what? |
Seven resolutions denouncing the Stamp Act |
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What happened at the Stamp Act Congress in 1765? |
Instigated by James Otis, this congress passed moderate resolutions against both the Stamp Act and the Sugar act, this meeting also showed that representatives of the various colonies could work together |
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What proved the most effective in achieving repeal of the Stamp Act? |
Colonial merchant's boycott of British goods |
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Who was Charles Lord Rockingham? |
He was Grenville's replacement, he repealed the Stamp Act in 1766 |
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What was passed in 1766? |
The Declaratatory Act which claimed power to tax or make laws for the Americans "In all cases whatsoever". |
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Why was the Declaratory Act generally ignored in America? |
Most Americans were distracted by the recent repeal of the Stamp Act |
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What were the Townsend Duties? |
Named after Chancellor of the Exchequer Charles Townsend, this was a program of taxes in items imported to the colonies and also included the use of admiralty courts |
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What did John Dickinson point out in his "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania"? |
That the Townsend Acts were a violation of the principle of no taxation without representation, he urged a restrained response from his fellow Americans |
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At the urging of Samuel Adams, what was passed in 1768? |
The Massachusetts legislature passed the Massachusetts Circular Letter that reiterated John Dickinson's points a urged others to pass petitions calling on Parliament to repeal the acts |
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What was the response to the publication of the Massachusetts Circular Letter by British authorities? |
They ordered the letter to be withdrawn or the Massachusetts legislature would be dissolved and forbade other legislatures to take up the matter, in addition they sent four regiments of troops to Boston |
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What happened when John Hancock's ship, the Liberty, was seized? |
Mob violence threatened |
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What acts did the new prime minister, Frederick Lord North repeal in 1770? |
All acts except those on tea, which was retained as a reminded that Parliament still had the power to tax the colonies if it so desired |
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What was the Boston Massacre? |
Blown up by Samuel Adams the BM was an incident in which five Bostonians were killed by British soldiers acting primarily out of self-defense |
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Who defended the British soldiers on trial for the Boston Massacre? |
John Adams |
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What happened to the Gaspee? |
It was burned by Rhode Islanders disguised as Indians |
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Why was the Tea Act passed in 1773? |
Americans were buying smuggled Dutch tea rather than the taxed British product |
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What was the response to the cheap British tea? |
Americans still refused to buy it even though it was now cheaper than the Dutch tea with tax included |
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What was the catalyst for the Boston Tea Party on 12/16/1773? |
Pro-British governor Thomas Hutchinson ordered Royal Navy vessels to prevent the ships carrying British tea from leaving the harbor, by law after 20 days, the cargoes were to be sold at auction and the tax paid |
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What was the British response to the Tea Party? |
They passed four acts collectively titled the Coercive Acts |
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What was the Boston Port Act? |
An act that close the port of Boston until the local citizens agreed to pay for the lost tea |
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What was accomplished by the Massachusetts Government Act? |
This act gave more power to the royal governor |
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What was the Administration of Justice Act? |
This act allowed royal official who were accused of crimes to be tried elsewhere where chances of acquittal might be greater
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What was included in the Quebec Act? |
The extension of the province of Quebec to the Ohio river, the establishment of Roman Catholicism as Quebec's official religion, and gave Quebec a government without a representative assembly |
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What did the Quebec Act mean for Americans? |
It was a denial of their hops for westward expansion |
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What happened in response to the Coercive Acts? |
The First Continental Congress was called and met in September 1774 |
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What were the Suffolk Resolves? |
They denounced the Intolerable Acts, called for strict boycotting, and the preparation of local militia companies in case the British chose to resort to military force |
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What was the response to the Suffolk Resolves by the British? |
Massachusetts was declared officially to be in a state of rebellion and General Gage was ordered to arrest leaders of the resistance |
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What was supposedly located at Concord? |
A stockpile of colonial arms and munition |
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What happened on April 18, 1775? |
William Dawes and Paul Revere spread the news of the movement of British troops towards Concord |
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How many Americans were killed in Lexington? |
Eight, most of whom were shot in the back |
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What did the British find in Concord? |
They found that nearly all of the military supplies they had expected to find were moved and were forced to retreat all the way to Boston by the swarming minutemen |
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What was a direct result of the British retreat from Concord? |
The myth of British invincibility was destroyed |
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Who were William Howe, Henry Clinton, and John Burgoyne? |
British generals |
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What happened at Bunker Hill? |
The bloodiest battle of the war was fought on June 17, 1775 |
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Who took Fort Ticonderoga in May 1775? |
Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold |
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Why did congress authorize two expeditions into Quebec? |
They were hoping that Canada would join in the resistance against Britain |
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How did congress deal with the difficult situation facing the colonies? |
They adopted a "Declaration of the Causes and Necessity for Taking up Arms", adopted the New England army, and sent George Washington to command it |
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What was the "Olive Branch Petition"? |
It was a plea from congress to King George III to intercede with Parliament to restore peace |
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What was the Prohibitory Act? |
The king declared the colonies in rebellion and no longer under his protection, preparations were made for full-scale war against America |
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What was the American feeling towards the British in 1775? |
Most Americans remained deeply loyal to Britain and the king despite his proclamations declaring them to be in rebellion |
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What was published by Thomas Paine in January 1776? |
A pamphlet called Common Sense which called for immediate independence |
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What was introduced by Richard Henry Lee on June 7, 1776? |
A series of formal resolutions in Congress calling for independence and a national government |
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How did Congress respond to Richard Henry Lee's resolutions? |
They named two committees, one headed by John Dickinson in order to work out a framework for a national government, and the other to draft a statement of the reasons for declaring independence |
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What was formally adopted by Congress on July 4, 1776? |
The Declaration of Independence, primarily the work of Thomas Jefferson, this document was a restatement of ideas then commonplace in America |
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What is meant by the term Hessian? |
This term refers to the large number of German mercenaries from the state of Hesse-Kassel hired by the crown to supplement the British army |
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What kept General Howe and his brother, Richard Admiral Lord Howe from implementing a swift, crushing campaign? |
They wanted to cow the Americans into signing loyalty oaths |
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What did Washington do in March 1776? |
He forced the British to evacuate Boston by placing cannons atop the Dorchester Heights |
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What did Washington do December 25, 1776? |
He attacked the Hessians a Trenton |
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Why did the French supply America with arms? |
France saw the war as a way to weaken Britain by depriving it of it's colonies |
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Who was the New England militia under? |
General Horatio Gates |
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What happened on October 17, 1777 |
General Burgoyne surrendered to General Gates |
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What convinced the French to openly join in the war against England? |
The American victory at Saratoga |
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In 1779 and 1780 who joined the war? |
Spain and the Dutch |
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Why was General Henry Clinton probably glad he was ordered to abandon Philadelphia? |
He narrowly avoided defeat at the Battle of Monmouth on June 28, 1778 |
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What did George Rogers Clark do? |
He led en expedition down the Ohio river and by defeating the British at Vincennes, secured the area north of the Ohio river for the United States |
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What was Francis Marion known as? |
the Swamp Fox |
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Who did Washington send to command the continental forces in the South? |
Nathaniel Greene |
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What did Cornwallis do on October 17, 1781? |
After three weeks of siege by Washington, he surrendered |
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Who was John Paul Jones? |
He was the most famous of American naval leaders who captured ships and carried out audacious raids along the coast of Britain |
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Who was apart of the American negotiating team? |
Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, and John Jay |
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Why did the Americans negotiate a separate peace treaty with Britain? |
France and Spain were planning to achieve and agreement that was unfavorable to the United States |
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What did the Treaty of Paris stipulate in 1783? |
That the United States was recognized as an independent nation, it's western boundary was set at the Mississippi river, it's southern boundary was set at 31degrees north latitude, Britain retained Canada but had to surrender Florida to Spain, Private British creditors would be free to collect debts owed by U.S. citizens, and Congress was to recommend that the states restore confiscated loyalist property |
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What important example did Massachusetts voters set? |
They insisted that a constitution should be made by a special convention rather than the legislature which assure that the legislature would be subject to the constitution |
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What are the Articles of Confederation? |
A framework for national government |
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What did the Articles of Confederation provide for? |
An unicameral Congress in which each state had one vote, executive authority under the Articles would be vested in a committee of 13, in order to amend the Articles the unanimous consent of all states was required |
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What was the Articles of Confederation government allowed to do? |
Make war, treaties, determine the amount of troops and money each state should contribute to the war effort, settle disputes between states, admit new states into the Union, and borrow money |
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What was the Articles of Confederation government NOT allowed to do? |
Levy taxes, raise troops, or regulate commerce |
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List three men present at the Annapolis Convention held in 1686 |
Alexander Hamilton, John Dickinson, and James Madison |
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Who were six of the prominent attendees to the Constitutional Convention held in 1787? |
James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Gouverneur Morris, Robert Morris, John Dickinson, and Benjamin Franklin |
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What was contained in the Constitution to prevent any one branch of government from gaining too much power? |
Numerous checks and balances |
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What was the "Virginia Plan"? |
Devised by James Madison and introduced by Edmund Randolph, this plan called for an executive branch and two houses of Congress, each based on pupulation |
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Why did smaller states oppose to the "Virginia Plan"? |
Because the Virginia Plan was based on population, those states with a smaller population would potentially have less influence |
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What was the "New Jersey Plan"? |
Proposed by William Paterson, this plan called for the continuation of a unicameral legislature with equal representation for the states and sharply increased powers for the national government |
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What was included in the Great Compromise? |
It provided for a presidency, a Senate with all states represented equally (two senators each) and a House of Representatives, with representation according to population |
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What was the Three-Fifths Compromise? |
Each slave was to count as three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and direct taxation on the states |
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The federal government was prohibited from stopping the importation of slaves prior two _____? |
1808 |
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What made the compromise of the nature of the presidency easier? |
The virtual certainty that George Washington would be president and the universal trust that he would not abuse the powers of office |
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Define the term "Federalists". |
Those in favor of the constitution, i.e. advocates of centralized power |
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What are the Federalist Papers? |
A series of newspaper articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison demonstrating how the constitution was designed to prevent the abuse of power |
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What dramatically aided the ratification of the Constitution? |
The promise of a bill of rights |
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In what year was George Washington inaugurated as president? |
1789 |
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The Preamble to the Constitution begins with _____? |
We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union |
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What two parts is the legislature divided into? |
The Senate and the House of Representatives |
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Article I of the constitution pertains to what? |
Legislature |
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Article II of the constitution pertains to what? |
Executive |
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Article III of the constitution pertains to what? |
Judiciary |
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Article IV of the constitution pertains to what? |
Interstate Relations |
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Article V of the constitution pertains to what? |
Amendment Process |
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Article VI of the constitution pertains to what? |
Supremacy Clause |
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Article VII of the constitution pertains to what? |
Ratification |
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The first ten amendments to the constitution are known as what? |
The Bill of Rights |
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When was the Bill of Rights published? |
1791 |
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When was voting extended to include blacks? |
1870 |
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When was slavery abolished |
1865 |
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When was the presidency limited to two terms? |
1951 |
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Who was George Washington's Vice President? |
John Adams |
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The Judiciary Act of 1789 provided for what? |
A Supreme Court |
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Why did Jefferson oppose to Hamilton's funding proposal? |
The proposal obviously benefited speculators who had bought up state and confederation obligations at depressed prices and would know profit handsomely at the face value redemption |
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Why is there no mention of political parties in the Constitution? |
Political parties were seen to be a detrimental force by the founding fathers since they were seen to contribute to the rise of "factions" |
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Hamilton was a _____? |
Federalist |
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Jefferson was a _____? |
Republican |
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How did Citizen Genet embarrass the President? |
When France went to war in 1792, Washington declared the Proclamation of Neutrality, Genet violated that policy by encouraging support for the French government |
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Why did the British begin to seize American merchant ships and force their crews into service with the British navy? |
America traded lucratively with the French West Indies which brought retaliation from the British |
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John Jay's treaty with Britain in 1794 served what purpose? |
It attempted to settle the conflict at sea but really only bought the new nation time in the worsening international conflict |
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Thomas Pickney's treaty with Spain in 1795 served to open what? |
The Mississippi River to trade |
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What did the decisive victory of general Anthony Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers result in? |
The Treaty of Greenville which cleared the Ohio territory of Indian tribes |
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What strengthened the credibility of the young government in 1794? |
The swift and decisive action of the president in relation to the whiskey rebellion
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Vermont was admitted to the Union in what year? |
1791 |
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Kentucky was admitted to the Union in what year? |
1792 |
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Tennessee was admitted into the Union in what year? |
1796 |
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Who served as VP during the John Adam's administration of 1797-1801? |
Thomas Jefferson |
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What happened during the XYZ Affair? |
In 1798 a three-man delegation that was sent to France in order to persuade the French to stop harassing American shipping was solicited for a bribe that they indignantly refused |
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The cry "Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute" was raised after what incident? |
The XYZ Affair |
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What moved Adams to suspend all trade with the French? |
The uproar caused by the XYZ Affair |
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What did John Locke's "compact theory" propose |
It would empower the state bodies to nullify federal laws within those states |
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What encouraged the judiciary to be less blatantly political? |
The impeachment episodes during Jefferson's administration |
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The Alien Act raised _____? |
New hurdles in the path of immigrants trying to obtain citizenship |
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The Sedition Act widened _____? |
The powers of the Adams administration to muzzle it's newspaper critics |
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What influenced the sale of Louisiana to the U.S.? |
Napoleon's defeat in Santo Domingo
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The importation of slaves was stopped in what year? |
1808 |
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The American accepted Napoleon's 15 million dollar sale of the Louisiana territory in what year? |
1803 |
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Who authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition that left St. Louis in 1804? |
Thomas Jefferson |
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How did Alexander Hamilton die? |
In a duel with Aaron Burr |
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What served to help narrow the legal definition of treason? |
Judge John Marshall's decision for Aaron Burr's acquittal |
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What caused Jefferson's second term to be less effective? |
The Quids' accusations of the president's complicity in the Yazoo Land controvery |
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Why did Jefferson send a naval force to the Mediterranean in 1801? |
To break the practice of the North African Muslim rulers exacting tribute from Western merchant ships, the Barbary War remained undeclared and continued until 1805 |
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What was involved in the Chesapeake-Leopard Affair in 1807? |
Four alleged British deserters off the U.S.S. ship C by the British Ship L. |
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What was Jefferson's response to the outcry for war in 1807? |
He drafted a law preventing American ships from leaving port for any foreign destination in order to avoid contact with other vessels, this embargo resulted in economic depression |
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What was Madison's greatest asset? |
His wife, Dolly Madison |
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What was the result of the modified embargo known as the Non-Intercourse Act? |
It opened trade to all nations except France and Britain |
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What was the Non-Intercourse Act replaced with? |
Macon's Bill No. 2 which gave the president power to prohibit trade with any nation when they violated our neutrality |
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How did General William Henry Harrison dash Tecumseh's hopes for an Indian confederacy? |
By destroying his village in 1811 |
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The War Hawks were led by whom? |
Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun |
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On June 1, 1812, President Madison asked for what? |
A declaration of war against the British |
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What opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada? |
Admiral Oliver Hazard Perry's victory over British ships at Put-In Bay |
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Who did William Henry Harrison defeat at the Battle of the Thames? |
A combined Indian and British force |
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Andrew Jackson led a force of frontier militia into Alabama in pursuit of whom? |
Creek Indians who had massacred the white inhabitants of Fort Mims |
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What inspired the "Star Spangled Banner" to be written? |
Fort McHenry holding firm throughout the British bombardment |
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Where was the most serious British threat? |
New Orleans |
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What did the Treaty of Ghent seek to bring about in 1814? |
The acceptance of the status quo at the beginning of the war, both sides returned their wartime conquests to the other |
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When did the Federalists cease to be a political party? |
After news of Andrew Jackson's victory in New Orleans and their threats of secession were discredited |
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What was the first tariff passed in 1816 intending to do? |
Slow the flood of cheap British manufactures into the country |
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What was a result of the Rush-Bagot treaty in 1817? |
Britain and the U.S. agreed to stop maintaining armed fleets on the Great Lakes, this disarmament is still in effect |
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What gave the U.S. free access to the Mediterranean basin? |
Stephen Decatur's swift defeat of the North African pirates |
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What was the transcontinental/ Adams-Onis treaty of 1819? |
A treaty between Spain and the U.S. that set the Mexico boundary and gave the remainder of the Florida territory over to the U.S. |
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James Monroe was _____? |
A symbol of national unity |
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What established the precedent if the Supreme Court's powers of the state government? |
The 1803 case of Marbury v. Madison |
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What was the first time a state law was voided on the grounds that it violated the Constitution? |
In the 1810 case of Fletcher v. Peck involving the Yazoo Land Company |
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When did immigration from abroad increase rapidly? |
1820 |
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The first organized strike by child workers occurred in what year? |
1828 |
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Who was Washington Irving? |
One of the few American authors of that time |
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Who was Mercy Otis Warren? |
A revolutionary pamphleteer who published a multi-volume history of the revolution in 1805 |
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Who was the Life of Washington written by? |
Mason Weems in 1806 |
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Who were the four Republican candidates for the presidential election in 1824? |
Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, William H. Crawford, and Henry CLay |
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While serving as John Q. Adams' VP, what did John C. Calhoun do? |
He published "South Carolina Exposition and Protest" that stated that a federal could be declared null and void of it was deemed harmful to the interests of an individual state |
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Describe Jackson's Indian policy. |
He supported the removal of all Indian tribes to the west of the Mississippi River |
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What was the result of the Worcester v. Georgia case? |
While the Supreme Court supported the Cherokee Nation's claim to part of northern Georgia, Jackson refused to enforce the court's decision and the result was the Trail of Tears |
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Who said the words "It is, Sir, the people's Constitution, the people's government, made for the people, made by the people, and answerable to the people...Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseperable |
Daniel Webster in response to the Federal Land Policy |
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What helped the initiation of the reform movement which so occupied this nation in the nineteenth century's second quarter? |
The disillusionment most Americans felt after the depression caused by the War on the Bank |
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What emerged from the ruins of the National Republicans? |
The Whig Party, which simply refers to the "opposition" |
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Van Buren was also known as what? |
Old Kinderhook |
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What began functioning in 1840? |
The Independent Treasury |
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Who served for the shortest time as President? |
William Henry Harrison, the election of 1840 saw the largest voter turn-out to date |
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The Age of Jackson was the beginning of what? |
The modern two-party system |
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Why was Andrew Jackson sometimes called "King Andrew"? |
He used his office to dominate his party |
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Did Andrew Jackson support the authority of the states against national government? |
Yes, to a point |
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Where did the Democrats' support come from? |
Primarily from the working classes, small merchants, and small farmers |
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Where did the Whigs' support come from? |
Primarily from Northern business and manufacturing interests, and from large Southern planters |
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Who dominated the Whig party during the early decades of the nineteenth century? |
Calhoun, Clay, and Webster |
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Alexis de Tocqueville published what in 1835? |
Democracy in America |
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James Fenimore Cooper's Leatherstocking Tales emphasized what? |
The independence of the individual, and the importance of a stable social order |
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Walt Whitman celebrated the importance of individualism in his book entitled what? |
Leaves of Grass |
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Henry Wadsworth Longfellow wrote two epic poems that spoke of the value of tradition, and the impact of the past on the present, they were called what? |
Evangeline and Hiawatha |
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Herman Melville wrote what? |
Moby Dick |
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Francis Parkman wrote which two books? |
Montcalm and Wolfe, and the Oregon Trail |
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James Russell Lowell wrote the Bigelow Papers and the Commemoration Ode in order to _____? |
honor Civil War Casualties |
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Nathaniel Hawthorne is best remembered for _____? |
The Scarlet Letter |
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Edgar Allen Poe wrote _____? |
The Raven, and Tamberlane |
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Who was William Gilmore Sims? |
A southern poet |
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Augustus Longstreet was a _____? |
A Georgia storyteller |
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Who were George Catlin and John James Audubon? |
Painter |
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The Trancendentalist movement had it's start where? |
Concord, Massachusetts |
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Joseph Smith received the "sacred" writings in what year? |
1830 |
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Who was Horace Mann? |
He was the first secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education
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The first state-supported school for women was founded in what year? |
1839 |
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The beginning of the modern feminist movement happened in 1948 at _____? |
Seneca Falls |
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What did William Lloyd Garrison found in 1833? |
The American Anti-slavery Society |
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Frederick Douglas published his own newspaper called the _____? |
North Star |
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In 1840, the Liberty party was formed on the platform of _____? |
"free soil", non-expansion of slavery into the new western territories
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Who were Lucretia Mott and Sojourner Truth? |
Well-known figures on the speaker's circuit |
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The population rose from ___ in 1790 to ___ in 1860 |
4 million, to 32 million |
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Families who had averaged _ children in 1800 only had _ in 1860 |
6,5 |
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Women were treated as ____? |
Minors before the law |
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How many free black lived in the North and West by 1850? |
200,000 |
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Samuel B. Morse's telegraph was first used in what year? |
1840 |
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McCormick's mechanical reaper was patented in the year ___? |
1834 |
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John Deere's steel plow was patented in the year ___. |
1837 |
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The railroad had begun to emerge as the carrier of the future by what year? |
1840 |
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Between 1800 and 1860 output of goods and services had increased __ fold |
12 |
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By 1860, cotton accounted for ___ of the value of U.S. exports |
two-thirds |
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In 1861, the North owned __ percent of the factory capacity in the U.S. |
81 |
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By 1860, _____ of all illiterates in the United States lived in the South. |
one half |
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The "gag-rule" remained in effect until what year? |
1844 |
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What was one result of the war of 1812? |
A rising sense of nationalism |
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Define the term "Manifest Destiny" |
The belief that the American nation was destined to eventually expand to include all of the North American continent |
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By 1835 approximately ___? gringoswere homesteading on Texas land |
35,000 |
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Texans claimed independence from Mexico in what year? |
1836 |
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What was destined to light the fires of civil war? |
As the decade of the 1840s opened, the question of Texas, California, and the New Mexican territory were increasingly prominent and the sectional tension |
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Who was the target of the firs serious impeachment attempt? |
John Tyler |
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What was the Preemption Act? |
Passed in 1841, this act allowed settlers who were squatting on unsurveyed federal lands first chance to buy the plot when it came to market |
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What was an added benefit of the Webster-Ashburton Treaty? |
It helped create and atmosphere of compromise and forbearance in U.S.-British realations |
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John L O'Sullivan coined the term _____? |
Manifest Destiny |
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War was declared on Mexico in what year? |
May 13, 1846 |
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What was the Wilmet Proviso? |
Written by David Wilson, this document stated that any new land acquired from Mexico will not allow slavery |
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During the California gold rush, the population swelled from ___ to ___ |
14,000, 100,000 |
