History Of Science Midterm

Front 1

Karl Popper

Back 1

No scientific theory is ever absolutely proven. Some scientific theories have been falsified. Genuine science is falsifiable. Some scientific theories have stood the test of falsification well.

Front 2

Thomas Kuhn

Back 2

Wrote The Structure of Scientific Revolutions in 1962. Science does not progress via a linear accumulation of new knowledge but undergoes periodic revolutions, also called "paradigm shifts." Facts do not exist independently of theories: what counts as scientific evidence is determined by underlying assumptions.

Front 3

Thales of Miletus

Back 3

What is the fundamental nature of all things, the single, basic reality that takes on the variety of visible forms in the variety of things we see? What is the fundamental matter of the universe?
WATER.
The basic stuff of the entire universe is water. It can be liquid solid or gas. Everything is water.

Front 4

Heraclitus

Back 4

The underlying reality is itself in constant transformation. So, the underlying "substance" of the world is the element that's in constant change, that is mutability itself.
The world is made of FIRE.

Front 5

Democritus

Back 5

Yes, we see fire, earth, air, and water, and we see their combinations. However there must be some fundamental reality underlying all four.
ATOMS

Front 6

Pythagoreans

Back 6

Numbers are the principles of being for all things.

Front 7

Empedocles

Back 7

Along with the four basic elements or substances, add two immaterial principles: Love and Strife. (Attraction and Repulsion?) Empedocles makes the first hypothesis about universal non-material principles that govern the material world.

Front 8

Aristarchus

Back 8

First to propose heliocentric universe.

Front 9

Plato

Back 9

(428 BC - 348 BC) - Theory of Forms: ideas of things, perfect mental concepts. Eternal and transcendent. Ideas = Forms. Pre-exist objects.
Timaeus - universe has telos

Front 10

Aristotle

Back 10

Aristotle studied and discussed the systematic understanding of logic, physics, astronomy, meteorology, zoology, metaphysics, theology, psychology, politics, economics, ethics, rhetoric, and poetics. Two areas which he advanced were physics and astronomy. He made very interesting discussion of the topics of matter, change, movement, space, position, and time as well as studying comets.

Front 11

Ptolemy

Back 11

Supports the spherical movement of the heavens (stars) and a stationary earth. His theory for the motion of the planets involved three simultaneous motions resulting in retrograde motion.

Front 12

Ibn Sīnā/Avicenna

Back 12

Famous physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematician and astronomer who wrote The Canon of Medicine, an over a million word encyclopedia of medicine which covered contageous diseases, quarantine, syndromes, hypothesized micoorganisms and why epidemics traveled through the air.

Front 13

Lucretius

Back 13

Wrote the poem called De Rerum Nature, or On the Nature of Things, describing the infinite universe as containing only atoms and the void, making up all of existence. Also described the nature of the soul and cosmic phenomena.

Front 14

Pliny the Elder

Back 14

Gaius Pilinius Secondus -> compiled /organized written knowledge into a book “ first ever wiki” Contents of Natural Science

Did zero observing and checking himself -> assumed if it was written then it must be true

Front 15

Galen

Back 15

(129-199/217 AD) - Medicine, physician to four emperors
Bodily Humor Theory: Four Fluids of Humors
- Blood: source of life and energy
- Yellow Bile: Required for digestion
- Phelgm: cools the body when required
- Black bile: darkens blood and other secretions from the body
Used to describe human moods, typology of human temperaments
Circulatory System - first to recognize distinct difference between dark and bright blood.

Front 16

Thomas Aquinas

Back 16

(1225-1274) - Twofold Revelation
- Truth known through reason and faith

Agrees that religion can add wisdom to science.
Rational proofs for the existence of God.... Aristotle reference

Front 17

William of Ockham

Back 17

English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian. One of the major figures of medieval thought. Commonly known for Occam's razor, the hypothesis with the fewest assumptions should be selected.

Front 18

Andreas Vesalius

Back 18

A Brabantian anatomist, physician, and author of one of the most influential books on human anatomy, De humani copporis fabrica, On the Fabric of the Human Body.

Front 19

Nicolas Copernicus

Back 19

Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe. His book De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium was published in 1543 and began the Copernican Revolution and the Scientific Revolution.

Front 20

Tycho Brahe

Back 20

A danish noblemen known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations. Tycho was well known in his lifetime as an astronomer and alchemist.

Front 21

Johannes Kepler

Back 21

German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. He is best known for his eponymous laws of planetary motion codified by later astronomers. He invented an improved version of the refracting telescope.

Front 22

Galileo Galilei

Back 22

An Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution. His achievements include improvements to the telescope and consequent astronomical observations and support for copernicanism. He is the father of modern observational astronomy.

Front 23

Rene Descartes

Back 23

Cognito Ergo Sum. Cartesian Coordinates. First law of motion.

Front 24

Frances Bacon

Back 24

The father of empiricism. An English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, and author. His works established and popularized inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry often called the Baconian method, or simple the scientific method.

Front 25

Isaac Newton

Back 25

Laid the foundations for classical mechanics with his laws of motion and universal gravitation.