History Of Science Final

Front 1

Fritz Haber

Back 1

German scientists who received a Nobel Prize for the development of the Haber Process, a way to fix nitrogen from the air into ammonia for use as a fertilizer to solve Germany's lack of access to natural sources of nitrates for fertilizer.
N2+3H2=2NH3
Also known as father of chemical warfare for developing and releasing Chlorine gas.

Front 2

Charles Lyell

Back 2

British lawyer and the foremost geologist of his day. He was best known as the author of Principles of Geology which popularized the idea of uniformitarianism. Uniformitarianism says that the present is the key to the past, all the process that shaped the earth are still occurring today.

Front 3

Charles Darwin

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He wrote On the Origin of Species, where he laid out the theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory is the unifying theory of the life sciences, explaining the diversity of life.

Front 4

Sigmund Freud

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The founding father of Psychoanalysis. He came up with such things as the Ego, Id, and Superego and is considered to have made the greatest impact in psychology.

Front 5

James Clerk Maxwell

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Scottish theoretical physicist. His most prominent achievement was the development of a set of equations that united previously unrelated observations, experiments, and equations of electricity, magnetism, and optics into a consistent theory, the theory of classical electromagnetism. He explained the work of Michael Faraday with differential equations.

Front 6

Lamarck

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French naturalist that believed in a sort of natural evolution based on the "use it or lose it" idea.

Front 7

Leo Szilard

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American physicist who conceived the nuclear chain reaction in 1933 and patented the idea of a nuclear reactor. He also wrote the letter to Roosevelt that was signed by Einstein that resulted in the Manhattan project. He also conceived the electron microscope.

Front 8

Michael Faraday

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Conducted a series of experiments with electricity and magnetism. Made the discovery of mutual induction (a changing magnetic field could induce an electric field) and diamagnetism which is the property of an object or material that causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition to an applied magnetic field. He also discovered electrolysis.

Front 9

Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen

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German physicist who produced and detected X-rays winning him the first Nobel Prize in physics in 1901. He took the first X-ray photographs of the insides of metal objects and his wife's hand.

Front 10

Humphry Davy

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English Chemist
Disproved caloric by rubbing ice cubes together in a vacuum.
Nitrous oxide: anesthetic
Electrochemistry- discovered number of elements
Invented the Davy lamp.

Front 11

Edwin Hubble

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An american astronomer who played a large role in establishing the field of extragalactic astronomy. Hubble's law said that galaxies further away are receding faster and thus the universe is expanding. (redshift) He also was the first to claim that the universe has more than one galaxy.

Front 12

Carolus Linnaeus

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Swedish botanist, physician, and zoologist who laid the foundations for the modern scheme of binomial nomenclature. He was the first to come up with a classification system that wasn't based on hierarchy.

Front 13

Marie Curie

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Polish physicist and chemist famous for her work on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only scientist to win a Nobel prize in multiple sciences. She came up with the theory of radioactivity and discovered the elements polonium and radium.

Front 14

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier

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A French scientist considered as the father of modern chemistry. He came up with the concept of conservation of mass. He also found that combustion is a process of addition rather than subtraction and thus discovered oxygen proving the phlogiston theory wrong. He also came up with a nomenclature system to name compounds and elements and discovered a series of other compounds. He also devised the carnot cycle and calorimetry and invented the idea of caloric.

Front 15

Alexander von Humboldt

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Prussian geographer that attempted to unite the branches of science together into one great theory. He plotted isotherms. His unification was described in his work called Cosmos.

Front 16

Werner Heisenberg

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German theoretical physicist who was one of the key creators of quantum mechanics. He also came up with the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He also planned the first nuclear reactor in Germany.

Front 17

Albert Einstein

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German born theoretical physicist who developed the general and special theories of relativity. He was also well known for his mass-energy equivalence formula E = mc^2. He also discovered the photoelectric effect and helped warn Roosevelt that Germany may be developing an atomic bomb thus initiating the Manhattan project.

Front 18

Rosalind Franklin

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British biophysicist who and X-ray crystallographer who made critical contributions to the understanding of fine molecular structures such as DNA RNA viruses coal and graphite. Her famous X-ray photograph of DNA helped Watson and Crick to solve the puzzle of the structure of DNA.

Front 19

Joseph Priestly

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Used analytical methods to discover a number of gases including oxygen which he called dephlogisticated air. He believed strongly in the phlogiston theory. He wrote Experiments and Obserfations on the Different Kinds of Air. He also invented soda water.

Front 20

Mary Anning

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Married to Antoine Lavoisier she studies english and chemistry and translates british scientific texts adding footnotes and illustrations. Later on she makes more illustrations for more texts.

Front 21

Ernest Rutherford

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Physicist who is known as the father of nuclear physics. He discovered the concept of half-life and found alpha and beta radiation. Also proved alpha radiation is made of helium ions. He also came up with an early model of the atom from his gold foil experiment. (alpha particles)

Front 22

Gregor Mendel

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Mendel recognized that the inheritance of certain trains in pea plants follows particular patterns now referred to as the laws of Mendelian inheritance.

Front 23

Andre-Marie Ampere

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From experiments with electricity and magnetism he formulated Amper's law that described the magnetic force between two electrical currents. He saw that when two wires were next to one another and the current flowed in the same direction they would attract and when the current flowed opposite directions they would repel.

Front 24

Francis Crick and James Watson

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Watson and Crick were the first to solve the molecular structure of DNA, the double helix. They worked on the project even though they weren't supposed to and with the help of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins they discovered the structure.

Front 25

J. Robert Oppenheimer

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Named father of the atomic bomb for his role in the Manhattan project. He remarked after the first bomb test "Now I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds" He also developed theories on electrons and positrons.

Front 26

Henrietta Leavitt

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American astronomer who worked at the Harvard College Observatory examining photographic plates in order to measure and catalog the brightness of stars. She discovered the relationship between the luminosity and period of Cepheid variable stars thus allowing a way for us to measure distances in the universe.

Front 27

Alfred Wegener

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German researcher who came up with the theory of continental drift thereby providing a basis for today's model of Plate tectonincs. He was also known for studying the poles.

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Georges Lemaitre

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Belgian astronomer and priest who was the first to propose the theory of the expansion of the Universe. He was the first to derive what is now nkown as Hubble's law and the first to make an estimation of what is now called the Hubble constant. He also proposed the Big bang theory which he called the hypothesis of the primeval atom. (primeval atom that expanded to become everything)

Front 29

Benjamin Franklin

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He experimentally proved lightning and electricity were the same thing with his kite experiment. He also assigned positive and negative values to charges, gets it backwards. He also wrongly predicted the direction of flow of electrons. He also invented a primitive electric motor.

Front 30

Louis Pasteur

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He supported the germ theory of disease and created the first vaccines for anthrax and rabies. He was best known for his method of treating wine or milk to prevent it from causing sickness, pasteurization. He is known as one of the three main founders of microbiology.

Front 31

Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev

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He was the creator of the periodic table of elements by formulating the Periodic Law. Using this table he was able to predict the properties of elements not yet discovered and could correct the properties of some already discovered.