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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why did guitar lose popularity in the 19th c.? |
piano became the instrument of choice; pieces were getting longer, louder, and more complex, the guitar couldn't keep up |
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In what forms did the guitar flourish during it's down period? |
character miniatures that focus on musical expression, and nationalistic songs |
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Where did the guitar flourish in the 19th c.? |
Spain |
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Who is Julian Arcas? |
(1832-1882) spanish guitarist interested in classical and flamenco styles, short retirement from 1870-1876, worked with Antionio de Torres to develop a better classical guitar |
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Who is Antonio de Torres? |
(1817-1892) spanish luthier who helped develop the new improved classical guitar, made guitars for Miguel Llobet and Francisco Tarrega, short retirement from 1869-1875, established school of Spanish guitar making |
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What was de Torres' theory? |
that the sound from a guitar came from the soundboard, built a paper mache guitar to prove it |
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What were some improvements de Torres made to the guitar? |
increased size of soundboard and body cavity, fan bracing pattern, thinner soundboard for more volume, widened fingerboard, longer strings 65cm, lute style bridge (tied not pinned) |
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Who is Francisco Tarrega? |
(1852-1909) spanish guitarist, initially self-taught, later taught by Julian Arcas, went to Madrid Royal Conservatory and studied piano, theory, and comp, established a sitting position, would transcribe single movements of larger pieces |
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What are some of Tarrega's famous pieces? |
Alborada (the music box), Capricho Arabe, Gran Jota, Recuerdos de la Alhambra |
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Who is Emilio Pujol? |
(1886-1980) one of two students of Tarrega, incredible pedagogue, wrote a method for guitar Escuela Razonada de la Guitarra in 1933 that fuses Aguado's, Tarrega's, and his own ideas, most thorough method for guitar ever |
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Who is Miguel Llobet? |
(1878-1938) one of two students of Tarrea, incredible recitalist, expanded repertoire with transcriptions and arrangements, asked composers to write for him (de Falla wrote only guitar comp, Homenaje, for him) |
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What two notation systems exist for music? |
graphic/visual notation (like standard notation), and instructions for a specific instrument (like tablature) |
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What was Greek notation? |
notes written above the text |
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What did neumatic notation add? |
neumes = graphic representations of movement or repetition of pitch, meant melodic significance was no longer relative to an arbitrary starting pitch |
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What did Franconian notation add? |
a system to indicate rhythmic value, allowed pitch and rhythm to be shown at once, greater musical sophistication, music could be separated from the text, birth of instrumental music |
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Why were multiple staves invented? |
to accommodate more simultaneous parts, again more musical sophistication |
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Why was composing more important initially? |
the printing press meant written music was the preferred method of preserving music, this favors composers over players |
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Who invented the first recording device and what was it? |
Leon Scott, invented the phonautograph in 1857 |
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What came after the phonautograph? |
Thomas Edison, phonograph in 1877, could record and play back sound |
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What came after the phonograph? |
microphones were invented and converted sound into electrical impulses that were engraved onto master discs that vinyls were made from |
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What came after microphones and vinyl? |
magnetic tape recording was invented, electronic impulses are imprinted onto the magnetic tape and then converted to disc |
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What major technical advancement came in the 50s? |
stereophonic (binaural) sound, from two sources, was supposed to make it sound more natural and real |
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What changes in music tech have happened since the 70s? |
noise reduction and digital sound recording (no stylus involved so no hiss and crackle), amps and speakers improved |
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What shift in the guitar world came about with the advent of recording technology? |
focus shifted from the composer to the player because they could now record actual playing, that became the main method of preservation |
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Who is Andres Segovia? |
(1893-1987) spanish guitarist, briefly apprenticed w/ Miguel Llobet, was not allowed to see Tarrega's comps by his students so began asking composers to write for him, had a life long relationship w/ Schott, Inc. publishing company starting in 1926 |
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Who are Segovia's Six and what important pieces did they write? |
six composers whom Segovia consistently got work from; Manuel Maria Ponce (concierto del sur for guitar and orchestra), Joaquin Turina (homenaje a tarrega), Heitor Villa-Lobos (twelve etudes), Federico Monena Torroba (burgalesa, dialogos), Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco (tarantella, capriccho diablolico, 24 caprichos de goya), Alexandre Tansman (mazurka, cavatina) |
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What composer did Segovia reject? |
Frank Martin's Quatre Pieces Breves, thought they were too avant garde and atonal |
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What guitar improvement did Segovia help develop? |
monofilament nylon strings, they were much more durable, consistent, and loud, and they were easier to tune |
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How did Segovia teach? |
master classes starting in the summer of 1950; month long session in Siena |
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Who is Narcisso Yepes? |
(1927-1997) spanish guitarist known for playing a 10-string guitar of his own design |
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Who is Alexander Lagoya? |
(1929-1999) egyptian guitarist known for marrying and partnering with Ida Presti, Presti/Lagoya duo |
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Who is Alirio Diaz? |
(b. 1923) introduced latin american music to the repertoire, helped revive the music of Agustin Barrios |
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Who is Agustin Barrios? |
(1885-1944) composer/guitarist, used original compositions in recitals, wrote La Cathedral based on hearing some of Bach's music in a cathedral in Spain, music revived by John Williams in the 70s |
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Who is Julian Bream? |
(b. 1933) british guitarist, attended Royal College of Music tuition free, his first recording in 1955 was elizabethan lute songs, released the golden age of english lute music in 1961 which began a revival of early music study, Julian Bream Consort in 1962, commissioned and worked with lots of composers (William Walton, Michael Tippet, Hans Werner Henze, Toru Takemitsu) |
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Who was Bream's favorite composer? |
Benjamin Britten (1913-1976) wrote Nocturnal after John Dowland |
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Who is John Williams? |
guitarist who played for Segovia in 1952, commissioned and performed works, had extreme technical command and used few trills or exaggerations |
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What were the main guitar career models? |
recitalist, composer/guitarist, ensemble, crossover artist, pedagogue, author or scholar, early music specialist, luthier |
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Who was Stephen Foster? |
(1826-1864) american composer who wrote many famous ditties (camptown races, oh susanna, etc.), "father of american music," driving force behind popular music in america |
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What instrument was popular in 19th c. America and why? |
the banjo, it was easy to play, easy to tune, and was portable |
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Who was Christian Martin? |
(1796-1873) a luthier who introduced staufer-style six string guitars in 1833 in NYC, C.F. Martin & Co., manufactured guitars in standard models (brazilian rosewood, square headstock), introduced x-bracing system |
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Who was Orville Gibson? |
(1856-1918) luthier who made guitars with the same technique as violins, carved top w/ arch shape (arch-top guitars), bridge attached to top with strings attached (gave greater ability to withstand pressure of strings), strung with steel strings, formed Gibson Co. in 1902 because demand for his guitars were so great |
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Who were Lyon and Healy? |
luthiers who made guitars modeled almost exactly after Martin guitars, aimed to mass-produce |
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What was a new guitar standard by the 1920s? |
steel strings |
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In what form were guitars popular in America? |
in dance bands |
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Why was the resonator guitar invented? |
guitars were being drowned out by the rest of the band and needed to be played with the loudest method to be heard (strumming w/ pick), resonator guitar vastly increased the volume |
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Who invented the resonator guitar? |
five Dopyera brothers |
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Why did the Dopyera brothers split and what happened afterward? |
different beliefs in what to do with the guitar, John and Rudy Dopyera formed the Dobro company in 1928 |
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What changes did Lloyd Loar make for Gibson as head of product development in 1919? |
added truss rod in neck to stabilize and prevent bowing from pressure and allowed smaller longer neck, adjustable bridge to raise or lower strings above the fretboard, elevated fretboard and pickguard, Gibson L5 replaced soundhole with two f-holes, invented the electrostatic pickup but it produced too much feedback and didn't catch on bc it amplified the soundboard |
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Who is George Beauchamp? |
guitar maker, formed the Ro-Pat-In Corp. in 1931 and began to release Hawaiian "frying pan" electric guitars that used a magnetic pickup to amplify the strings, later changed company name to Electro String Instruments Corp., released Rickenbacher Electro guitars in 1934 in "Spanish" style |
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Who was Charlie CHristian? |
(1916-1942) famous guitar player, jazz prodigy, introduced to the ES-150 in 1937 and played it exclusively after that, recorded w/ the Goodman Sextet for 3 years, first authentic electric guitar playing |
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Who was T-Bone Walker? |
(1910-1975) blues player styled after Blind Lemon Jefferson, picked up an electric guitar in the 1930s and by the 40s had converted a bunch of other artists to electric guitar |
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Who is Les Paul? |
(b. 1916-2009) player/inventor, thought he could increase sustain of the guitar by eliminating competing vibration of soundboard (bc the pickup would get the sounds resonating in the body) and built a guitar w/ a solid wood body (the "Log" with Epiphone) |
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Who is Leo Fender? |
(1909-1991) put the first solid body guitar into production in 1943, invented "direct sound" pickup where the strings pass through a coil, formed the Fender Electric Instrument Co. in 1946 and created the Fender standard electric in 1949 (signature headstock w/ gears on one side, later renamed Esquire, later added truss rod and named Broadcaster then Telecaster) |
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What innovation was made with the Gibson Les Paul guitar in 1957? |
added a new pickup w/ 2 coils that eliminated unwanted noise (humbucking pickup) |
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Who was Jimi Hendrix? |
(1942-1970) famous guitarist, got an electric guitar in 1959, joined a backup band in 1963, formed the Jimi Hendrix Experience w/ Chas Chandler in 1967, first to create a sound that could only be made on an electric gutar (controlled feedback, used effects pedals etc.), rendition of Star Spangled Banner at Woodstock in 1969 |
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What are some cousins to the guitar? |
balalaika (russian), banjo (african, american), biwa (japanese), bouzouki (greek), charango (south american), mandolin (spanish, arabic), pipa (chinese), sitar (indian), ukelele (hawaiian), vina (indian), yuequin (chinese) |
