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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What were the names of some of the barbarian tribes who invaded the Roman Empire?
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Picts and Scots - England
Visigoths (West goths) - Rome, Africa, Spain. Ostrogoths (East goths) Franks - Gaul Burgundians - Gaul (Burgundy) Vandals - Spain (Andalusia) Lombards - Italy (Lombardy) Angles and Saxons - England. "Every one of those barbarian tribes that rent the Roman Empire to pieces was of German or Teutonic origin." |
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Who was the king of the Visigoths who attacked Rome and sacked and plundered it in 410?
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Alaric.
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What happened at the Battle of Chalons in 451
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Attila the Hun’s invading army was stopped by the combined forces of the Goths (King Theodoric), Romans (Emperor Aetius), Franks and Burgundians.
“This fight has been called the battle of the Nations. Although the victory was not decisive, a great question was settled… Europe was to be the heritage of the Christian Teutons and Romans, and not of the pagan Mongols.” |
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Who stopped Attila when he was attacking Rome in 452.
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Pope Leo the Great.
History is divided as to why Attila retreated. Was it the gift of money, Leo's charm or logistical reasons? |
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Many of the Barbarian tribes who attacked Rome were christian. What were some of the exceptions?
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Angles, Saxons and Franks.
However, the christianity of the barbarians was not orthodox as they were Arians. |
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Who was Clovis?
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Clovis (466 to 511) was king of the Franks. A heathen himself, he married Clotilda, a Christian. He ‘converted’ to Christianity when his army miraculously defeated the Allemanni at Tobiac. By his death he was the ruler of a vast empire from beyond the Rhine to the Pyrenees
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Why was Clovis’ ‘conversion’ important in European history?
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As a non-Arian Christian he was seen by the pope as the Champion of the Church and his wars were regarded as holy wars. “Thus began an alliance between the popes and the kings of France which, in days to come, had great influence upon the history of western Europe.”
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What was the name of the Vandal leader who sacked Rome in 455?
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Gaiseric. Pope Leo had tried to stop him but could only get from him a promise that there would be no bloodshed, torture or arson. Rome was pillaged for fourteen days and many Romans were taken away as slaves.
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Who was the last Roman Emperor?
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Romulus Augustulus (Little Emperor).
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Who deposed the last Roman Emperor?
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Odoacer the German. He was the first Barbarian not just to attack Rome but to sit upon the throne. As he was content just to be king of Rome the Emperor in the east left him alone.
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Who overthrew Odoacer in 493.
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Theodoric the Ostrogoth, who ruled from 474 to 526. He went back on his word and murdered Odoacer
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What was Theodoric like as a ruler?
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He was content to rule Italy and sought no further conquest. He was just to both Romans and Goths. He maintained good Roman laws and promoted education. "Merchants flocked to his dominions ... for so great was the order which he made there that if anyone left gold or silver at his farm it was as safe as if it had been within a walled city."
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Who were the Ostrogoths defeated by?
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Justinian. (He ruled from 527 to 565 with the help of his wife, Theodora).
Justinian was emperor of Constantinople. He was not content with ruling the Eastern empire but, like the Caesars, had dreams of world domination. |
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What happened to his empire after Justinian died?
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He died in 565 and "almost at once fresh hordes of Barbarians overran his newly acquired provinces...until at length the Eastern Empire included little more than the countries now forming Greece, the Balkan states and Asia minor."
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What were the lasting significances of Justinian's empire?
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1). "He codified the whole body of Roman law. Upon the so-called laws of Justinian the laws of nearly every civilised country are founded to this day." (2) it formed a Christian bulwark against the attacks of the heathen hordes of Asia." (3) It was a storehouse of Roman art and literature that would otherwise have been lost.
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Why did the empire of the east become known as the Byzantine Empire?
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After the ancient city of Byzantium upon the site of which Constantinople was built.
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Who invaded Italy after Justinian's death?
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The Lombards (Longbeards), who soon took over nearly the whole peninsula. Technically it still belonged to the Byzantium empire but they were too busy fighting the Persians.
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Who became Pope in 590?
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Gregory I
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What was Gregory like?
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He was a great businessman and political leader before he devoted himself to the church. "As pope he showed himself a great pastor and a great statesman... To him there was no question but that Rome was the city of the world and that the bishop of Rome was by divine right the head of the Church. And by insisting on that right he laid the foundations of the absolute spiritual power which future popes were to enjoy."
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Why did Gregory, who was a religious leader, take on the government of Rome?
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His appeals to Byzantium for help against the Lombards were ignored so he saw that he must either surrender to the Lombards or start to act like a king.
He chose to act like a king. "He carried on the war against the Lombards, appointed governors and made peace on his own account." |
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How did Gregory use the peace that he brought to Italy?
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He exerted the authority of the Roman church over all Italy, he settled disputes between Lombards and Romans and he "carried out his long cherished plan and sent St. Augustine to convert the heathen Angles of England."
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What was Gregory's legacy?
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"He left his mark not only on his own times but on times to come. For he had advanced the Roman see to a far higher position than it had ever attained, and for good or ill had laid the foundations of the temporal powers of the pope."
Temporal means, "Lasting only for a time; not eternal; passing." See means "A seat; a place where sovereign power is exercised" |
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When and where was Mohammed born?
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About 570, in Mecca.
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Why did Mohammed flee Mecca?
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The inhabitants, who were idolatorous, did not like his teaching that there was only one God. They forced him to flee (the 'hegira') in 622 and it is from this date that Islam dates.
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When did Mohammed return to Mecca?
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In 630. Many people had joined Mohammed and he was able to march on Mecca with a large army and make the people submit to him.
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What was Mohammed's legacy?
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"He had found Arabia a mass of hostile tribes, each with its own laws, and perpetually at war with every other tribe round. He found it given over to idolatry. In twenty years he united the warring tribes and made them monotheistic. In twenty years he created a nation with a national religion and national laws.
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Why were muslim soldiers 'as fearless as they were feared.'
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"Death to them had no terrors. It was but the gateway into a new and glorious life; for if they died fighting for their faith they would at once enter into a paradise of endless delights."
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What did the muslim Arabs set out to do?
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"To conquer and convert the world. To all prisoners of war they offered but one choice - death or the Koran." They established within a few centuries one of the greatest empires that the world had seen.
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Who was the great Muslim general who invaded Spain in 711?
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Tarick (Gibraltar means "Rock of Tarick.")
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What is one way in which the invasion of the muslims was different from the invasion of the barbarians?
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The barbarians tended to bring nothing but war and many were brutishly ignorant. The muslims were advanced in arts and learning and brought these with them. After they had submitted a people there was often peace and these skills flourished.
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