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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prior to the Industrial Revolution most people lived and worked in _________.
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small farming villages
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Rapid Industrial growth that began in England in the mid 1700s
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Industrial Revolution
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The Industrial Revolution began in _______. (location)
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Great Britain
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The Industrial Revolution began during the middle of the ________.
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18th Century/1700s
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The Industrial Revolution brought on a rapid concentration of ________.
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people in cities
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Changed the nature of work for many people
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Industrial Revolution
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Rise of urban industrial economies during 1700s & 1800s
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Industrial Revolution
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Public lands where farmers gathered wood grazed livestock, and raised crops
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Village commons
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Practice of fencing off land formerly open to common grazing and cultivation
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Enclosure
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Ended small farmers use of public lands
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Enclosure movement
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The enclosure movement displaced farmers who became a ________.
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labor supply
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New tools & techniques result in greater crop & livestock production
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Agricultural Revolution
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The agricultural revolution helped Great Britain lead the ___________.
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Industrial Revolution
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The enclosure movement both displaced farmers and increased _______.
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agricultural production
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Improved agricultural techniques (agricultural revolution) increased the ____.
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food supply
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An increased food supply increased the ______.
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population
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Population growth & the enclosure movement resulted in a larger __________.
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labor supply
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The industrial revolution was also triggered by new technologies and new sources of ______.
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energy & materials
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One vital source of energy in the Industrial Revolution was coal which was used to power the _________.
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steam engine
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Inventor of the first practical steam engine.
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James Watt
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Enabled factories to run without the need of water power.
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Steam Engine
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Coal was a vital source of fuel in the production of __________
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Iron
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His technique of smelting iron (separating iron from its ore) led to less expensive & better quality iron.
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Adam Darby
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Capital, natural resources, & labor supply were key elements in Britain’s _______.
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industrial success
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Money to invest in labor, machines, & raw materials
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capital
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Large scale farming, overseas commerce, & the slave trade helped the British produce ____.
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capital
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Industry provided the aristocracy and the middle class a chance to _______.
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invest
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Water power, Iron & coal were British _____.
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raw materials
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A growing population in Great Britain (and later elsewhere) also increase the _________ for goods.
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demand
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System where raw cotton was given to peasant families and made into cloth in their homes.
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putting-out system
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Risk-taking people who set up industries by bringing together capital, labor, & new industrial inventions.
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Entrepreneurs
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First industry to be industrialized
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Textile
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Fabric industry
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Textile
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Enabled cotton weavers to outpace cotton spinners.
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flying shuttle
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Enabled cotton spinners to produce enough thread to keep up with the weavers.
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spinning jenny
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The flying shuttle and the spinning jenny made it difficult for America to produce enough ____.
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cotton
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The bottle neck in the production of cotton.
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cleaning out the seeds
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Developed the Cotton Gin
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Eli Whitney
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Cleaned the seeds out of cotton.
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Cotton Gin
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The mechanization of the textile industry came about through a series of _______.
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inventions
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Organized method of production; brought workers and machines together under control of managers.
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factory system
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Individuals own the means of production
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capitalism
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Factories, farms, and mines, railways & other businesses.
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Means of Production
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Individuals decide what is produced and how money is spent. (free enterprise)
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Capitalism
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If supply goes up prices go ____.
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down
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If demand goes up prices go ____.
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up
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Continually expanding factories or investing in new businesses.
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Industrial Capitalism
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As production increased people needed a way to get raw materials to the factories, and finished products to the markets faster, this resulted in a ________.
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transportation revolution
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Turnpikes, canals, the steam locomotive, & the railroads were all part of the _______.
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transportation revolution
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As the Industrial Revolution progressed one change led to _______.
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another
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The mass movement of people from the countryside to the cities as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
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Urbanization
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Grew up around both mines and factories.
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cities
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The new middle class created by the Industrial revolution was made up of ________.
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entrepreneurs
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As urbanization took place THEY lived in nice neighborhoods.
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middle and upper class
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As a result of urbanization most of the poor lived in ________.
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tenements
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Multistory buildings divided into apartments.
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tenements
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Often had no running water and no sewage or sanitation system.
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tenements
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The lack of a sewage system often resulted in contaminated drinking water and the _______.
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spread of diseases
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Factory work was often monotonous and _____.
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dangerous
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Shifts in the factories often lasted ________.
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12 to 16 hours 6 or 7 days a week
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Children often started working in the factories at the ages of _______.
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7 or 8
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Workers organizations which eventually won the right to ask for better wages, hours and working conditions.
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labor unions
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They believed that a free market would help everyone not just the rich.
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Business leaders/entrepreneurs
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A completely free market economy with no government interference.
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laissez-faire
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Owners of railroads, factories & mines advocated ___________ economies.
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laissez-faire
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He believed the poor would always suffer because the population would always grow faster than the food supply.
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Thomas Malthus
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Malthus did not want the government to help the poor because he believed if it did they would continue to _________.
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have more children
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Developed the concept of utilitarianism.
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Jeremy Bentham
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Every action should be judged by its contribution to human happiness or the reduction of human misery.
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Utilitarianism
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Measuring an action by its usefulness.
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Utilitarianism
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He rejected laissez-faire economies on grounds of utilitarianism.
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John Stuart Mill
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Argued for legislation against monopolies & for the protection of individual liberties
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John Stuart Mill
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Community ownership of the means of production.
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Socialism
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No competition, share the wealth.
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Socialism
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Wanted to create small separate socialist communities.
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Utopian Socialists
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Attempted to create socialist communities in Scotland & New Harmony, Indiana.
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Robert Owen
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Scientific Socialism
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Communism
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Marxism
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Communism
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Intellectual founder of Communism.
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Karl Marx
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Marx's partner and co-author of the Communist Manifesto.
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Friedrich Engel's
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Marxism along with other socialist ideologies grew out of a reaction to the harsh conditions imposed on workers by the _____.
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Industrial Revolution
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According to Marx all of history is characterized by _____.
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class struggle
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Communism is a form of _____.
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socialism
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Capitalists using workers' labor for their own advantage.
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exploitation
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Owners of the means of production. (factories)
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capitalists or bourgeoisie
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Exploited factory workers. (name for)
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proletariat
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Class struggle will lead to a workers' revolt. (Marx)
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Theory of History
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After the workers revolt the government will wither away and there will be a _______. (Marx)
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Classless Society
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Pamphlet in which Marx calls for a workers' revolt.
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Communist Manifesto
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Both predicted and advocated a workers revolt.
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Karl Marx
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Marx believed it was the opiate of the masses.
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Religion
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Favored democratic means to implement socialist policies.
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Democratic Socialists
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After the Congress of Vienna, Europe experienced more than 30 years of turmoil as a result of clashes between people of different _______.
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ideologies
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Belief systems.
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ideologies
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Wanted to return to the way things were before 1789.
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Conservatives
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Group that included; kings, nobles, & Church leaders.
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Conservatives
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An agreement among major European powers to work to maintain the conservative order which existed before the French Revolution.
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Concert of Europe
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Supported a system in which lower classes respected those above them.
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Conservatives
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Backed established Churches and opposed Constitutional governments.
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Conservatives
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A church backed and supported by the state.
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established church
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Wanted to crush revolutionary ideas.
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Conservatives
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Leader of the Conservatives.
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Metternich
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Conservatives were challenged by _______.
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Liberals and Nationalists
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Ideology generally held by business owners, bankers, lawyers, politicians, & writers.
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Liberalism
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Wanted governments based on written constitutions.
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Liberals
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Opposed monarchies and the established churches.
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Liberals
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Believed that Liberty, equality, and property were natural rights.
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Liberals
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Not at the beginning of the era but eventually Liberals come to support ________.
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Universal manhood suffrage
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Allowing all men to vote.
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universal manhood suffrage
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The desire of people who have a common ancestry to have their own country.
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nationalism
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In the 1800s, nationalist groups within the Austrian and Ottoman empires set out to ______.
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create their own states/win independence
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By 1830 they won autonomy within the Ottoman empire.
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Serbs
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Autonomy
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self rule
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By 1830 they won independence from the Ottomans.
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Greeks
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The success of the Serbs and the Greeks led to other ______.
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revolts
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He encouraged conservative leaders to crush revolts.
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Metternich
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French & Austrian troops smashed revolts in ___.
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Spain & Italy
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The demands of the Liberals & the Nationalists were soon added to by demands from the new ________.
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industrial working class
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Social reformers were urging workers to support various types of ______.
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Socialism
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Became firmly established as ruler of France after Waterloo.
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Louis XVIII
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He proclaimed a liberal constitution for France.
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Louis XVIII
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Wanted to reestablish the old order in France and punish the radicals.
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Ultraroyalists
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Leader of the ultraroyalists, became king in 1824.
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Charles X
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His attempts to restore absolute monarchy in France led to revolution in 1830.
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Charles X
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Want to return to an earlier way.
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reactionaries
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"Citizen King" who at first won the support of the middle class, but lost it when he opposed reform.
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Louis Philippe
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Louis Philippe's opposition to reform led to the __________.
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Revolution of 1848
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Ended with rebels proclaiming France a Republic. (the Second Republic)
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Revolution of 1848
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Led to political uprisings in other European countries.
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Revolution of 1848
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Series of unsuccessful revolutionary uprisings in France, Italy, the Austrian Empire, and Germany.
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Revolutions of 1848
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Gained control of France at the beginning of the Revolution of 1848.
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middle and upper classes.
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After the Upper and Middle classes took control of the government in the Revolution of 1848 Paris workers ________.
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took to the streets
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Because of the Paris workers revolting in the streets during the Revolution of 1848 the new government created a constitution with ____.
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Universal manhood suffrage
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Elected President of France after Revolution of 1848.
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Louis-Napoleon
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Dissolved the legislature, and made himself Emperor Napoleon III.
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Louis-Napoleon
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His war with Prussia ended in his defeat, the collapse of the empire, and his exile.
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Louis-Napoleon/Napoleon III
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Napoleon III's defeat resulted in the election of a National Assembly dominated by ____.
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Royalists
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After Napoleon III's defeat the National Assembly took drastic measures against the working class which resulted in a ______.
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Paris Revolt
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During the Paris Revolt workers established a socialist government know as the ____.
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"Commune"
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The National Assembly reasserted control over the ______.
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"Commune"
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National Assembly arrests 40,000 people and kills 20,000.
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"Blood Week"
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In 1875 a new constitution made France once again a republic.
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Third Republic
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Conflict over whether an army officer was selling secrets to the Germans.
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Dreyfus Affair
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The successful conclusion of the Dreyfus Affair proved it could survive in France.
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Republican Government
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Colonial Latin America was divided by social classes based on ______.
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privilege
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Colonial leaders who were born in Spain or Portugal and were at the top of the social order.
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Peninsulares
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Colonial born white aristocrats.
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Creoles
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Latin Americans of mixed Native American and European ancestry.
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Mestizos
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People of mixed African and European descent.
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mulattoes
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Mestizos, mulattoes, native Americans, & Africans slaves were at the bottom of the _____.
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social order
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Early 19th Century Latin American revolutionaries were inspired by the _____.
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American & French Revolutions
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Countries of Latin America sought independence to overthrow the _______.
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rigid social order
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Led revolution in Haiti.
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François Tousssaint-Louverture
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Sent an army which captured & imprisoned Toussaint-Louverture.
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Napoleon
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After yellow fever killed thousands of French soldiers ________.
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Haiti won independence
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Catholic priest led the fight against Spanish in Mexico.
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Miguel Hidalgo
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Father Hidalgo's goal was to bring ______.
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Reform & democracy to Mexico
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After both Father Hidalgo & Father Jose Morelos were killed, revolutionaries led by Agustin de Iturbide, in 1821, overthrew Spanish rule and ____.
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declared Mexico independent
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Spanish colonists became upset with Spanish rule because the social structure prevented ______.
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non-peninsulares from participating in the government
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He successfully liberated Venezuela in 1821.
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Simon Bolivar
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After capturing Bogotá, he moved south to free; Ecuador, Peru, & Bolivia, he then joined with Jose de San Martin, who helped Argentina & Chile win freedom.
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Simon Bolivar
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With the Latin American revolutions the Creoles gain control from the Peninsulares but ____.
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Mestizos still lacked power
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By the mid 1800s Germany & the U.S. joined Britain as _____.
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Industrial powers
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Both Germany & the U.S. used __________ to industrialize.
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British technology
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Like Britain the newly industrialized nations experienced _______.
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Urbanization
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Invented a new way of making steel from Iron.
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Henry Bessemer
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Invented dynamite for use in construction.
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Alfred Nobel
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Created the first Dynamo.
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Michael Faraday
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A machine that makes electricity and resulted in electricity replacing steam as the main source of power.
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the Dynamo
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Contributed the concept of interchangeable parts.
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Eli Whitney
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Using machines to create uniform, exchangeable goods/parts.
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Interchangeable parts
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Each worker performs a specialized task
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division of labor
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A product is assembled by a division of labor as it moves along a conveyor belt.
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Assembly line
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Used the assembly line to mass produce Model T automobiles.
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Henry Ford
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Developed a practical incandescent light bulb.
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Thomas Edison
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Enabled cities and factories to function at night.
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electric light bulb
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First to build a self powered airplane.
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Orville and Wilbur Wright
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The telegraph and telephone made the exchange of information nearly ______.
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instantaneous
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He invented the Radio.
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Guglielmo Marconi
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To raise capital entrepreneurs sold ______.
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stock
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A share or partial ownership in a company.
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stock
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Business owned by stockholders
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Corporation
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Provide capital and disperse risk.
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Corporations
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By the late 1800s it dominated industry.
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"Big Business"
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French Chemist who demonstrated the link between germs and disease.
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Louis Pasteur
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German doctor identified the cause of tuberculosis.
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Robert Koch
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British hospital reformer raised standards for care and cleanliness.
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Florence Nightingale
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Discovered that antiseptics prevent disease.
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Joseph Lister
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Major efforts to improve the living conditions of cities which started in the last half of the 19th century.
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Urban Renewal
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Despite efforts at urban renewal cities and factories remained harsh places for the ___.
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poor
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Pressured by unions, reformers, and working class voters, governments did pass laws that ______.
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improved working conditions
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Middle class values that encouraged women to stay at home and care for the family.
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Cult of domesticity
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In the late 1800s they began to seek fairness in marriage, divorce, and property laws.
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women
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Sojourner Truth worked for _______.
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Women's suffrage
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Franchise and suffrage.
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right to vote
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Because they believed education would create better workers, reformers persuaded many governments to set up ______.
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public schools
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Developed the theory of Natural Selection.
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Charles Darwin
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Chance variations are selected by nature in a struggle for existence.
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Natural selection
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Variations are selected because they are _____.
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fit for survival
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Darwin's theory of natural selection was A theory of ______.
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evolution
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Discovered that all elements are composed of atoms, and that all atoms of an element are identical and unlike the atoms of other elements.
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John Dalton
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A movement among Christians to improve society.
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Social Gospel
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A movement in which artists would emphasize human emotion and imagination over reason.
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Romanticism
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Romanticism was a reaction to the formal and rational style of the ____.
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Enlightenment
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William Wordsworth, William Blake, Lord Byron, Victor Hugo, & Ludwig van Beethoven.
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Romantics
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Rejected the sentimentality of romanticism, & sought to portray life in a realistic manner.
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Realism
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Charles Dickens' shocking images of; poverty, the mistreatment of Children, and urban crime were examples of _________.
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realism
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Sought to capture the momentary impression a subject made on the senses.
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Impressionists
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Part of the reason for the development of impressionism was that the painter could never compete with the new photographer in ____.
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realism
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Painting that focused on light and color in the natural world.
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Impressionism
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Movement of individual style created to express chaos and complexity.
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Postimpressionism
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