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117 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pope Gregory
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- adopted Paganism beliefs, holidays, statues, Mary worship
- strengthened papacy (pope.like first presidency) - missionary oriented - promoted monasteries and convents - said priests could marry |
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Paganism
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- worship of nature
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Kingdom of Angles and Saxons
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- invaded after Romans left
- association with King Arthur |
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Evidences of King Arthur
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- found a grave in Cadbury
- found a round table in church in Somerset |
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Kingdom of Franks
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- accepted Christianity
- settled in Gaul - King Clovis |
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Charlemagne
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- son of Pepin the Short
- crowned emperor in Rome in 800 AD - King of Franks, Lombards |
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Carolingian Dynasty
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- stable government: legal & chivalry system
- intellectual revival: scholars copied books, influenced by Northumbria |
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Louis Pious
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- son of Charlemagne
- weak leader - his three sons divided kingdom (treaty of Verdun) |
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Post Carolingian invasions
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-invaded by Vikings and Muslims
- effects- feudalism, castles |
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Viking Invasions
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- they were sailors and fighters
- used ships with a shallow draft - had keel to keep balance on the water |
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why middle ages called dark ages
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- creativity stifled because no time to be creative
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agriculture in Crusades
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- curved metal plow
- horse collars - horse instead of ox - three field system: increased food production, rotation system - sturrups |
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technology and science in Crusades
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- water wheels and windmills during this time
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Number system in Crusades
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- interest calculations
- Fibonacci - Arabic/Indian number system |
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Hugh Capet
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- king during Capetian Dynasty
- beginning of France nation |
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Otto the Great
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- united Lords in Germany and Italy
- had conflicts with Popes over Papal states - defeated many principalities to create empire |
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Henry IV
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- weak
- rivaled with popes |
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Edward the Confessor
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- no heir
- Harold Godwinson declared himself King before Edward died |
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William the Conqueror
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- leader of Normandy
- not well loved - built series of castles - always fighting Harold Godwinson for thrown |
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Domesday book
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- census by William to know what he owned
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Henry I
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-because Richard accidently died from hunting, Henry took the thrown
- conquered older brother's land, Normandy - gave Matilda land |
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Henry II
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- given heir from mother, Matilda
- created English Common Law |
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Magna Carta
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- written by nobles
- states people's rights |
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Origins of Parliament
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- 25 people that ensured peace and liberty
- limited power of the King, monarchy growth - Nobles had regular meetings of Parliament |
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Crusades
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- first by Turks
- called by Pope Urban II - eight total, battles in Holy Land |
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1st Crusades
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- good for Europe, bad for Byzantine
- only one that was successful - Christian's won - encouraged knights to be more noble |
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3rd Crusade
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- most organized
- 3 main kings, England, France, Germany |
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4th Crusade
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- lacked funding
- overthrew Constantinople - Children's Crusade, 30,000 sold into slavery - french boy said god told him children march to gates of Jerusalem - disaster |
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Knights during Crusades
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- took vows of loyalty and warfare
- orders rewarded land after victory - power threatened king |
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Genghis Kahn
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- great Mongol leader
- warrior during Yuan Dynasty - kind, made friends by helping others - brought several tribes into alliance |
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Henry I
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-because Richard accidently died from hunting, Henry took the thrown
- conquered older brother's land, Normandy - gave Matilda land |
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Henry II
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- given heir from mother, Matilda
- created English Common Law |
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Magna Carta
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- written by nobles
- states people's rights |
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Origins of Parliament
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- 25 people that ensured peace and liberty
- limited power of the King, monarchy growth - Nobles had regular meetings of Parliament |
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Crusades
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- first by Turks
- called by Pope Urban II - eight total, battles in Holy Land |
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1st Crusades
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- good for Europe, bad for Byzantine
- only one that was successful - Christian's won - encouraged knights to be more noble |
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3rd Crusade
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- most organized
- 3 main kings, England, France, Germany |
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4th Crusade
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- lacked funding
- overthrew Constantinople - Children's Crusade, 30,000 sold into slavery - french boy said god told him children march to gates of Jerusalem - disaster |
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Knights during Crusades
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- took vows of loyalty and warfare
- orders rewarded land after victory - power threatened king |
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Genghis Kahn
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- great Mongol leader
- warrior during Yuan Dynasty - kind, made friends by helping others - brought several tribes into alliance |
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Genghis Kahn's war tactics
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-used intimidation
-promoted according to skill -used a system of flags -attacked Poland - captured silk road - controlled trade in Asia |
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Creativity in Middle ages
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- weather, cities, nations, vikings and mongols (warfare)
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Pilgrimages
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- strive to be more righteous
- purpose: draw close to God, fulfill promise - identified and protected by clothes - Jerusalem, location of visions |
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4 Lateran Councils
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- separate the church from secular influence
- reaffirm celibacy - supported pilgrims - addressed doctrinal issues |
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Jews
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- to avoid persecution moved to eastern Europe
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Franciscans
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- began by St. Francis
- captured in crusades - formed Mendicant order - loved God's creatures |
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Dominicans
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-founded by Dominic
-order of Friars presearchers - vows of obedience, chastity, poverty - smart, many become popes and enforced rules |
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Inquisition
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-Muslims and Jews expelled
-Run by Dominicans -authority more important than doctrine |
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Universities
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- began in Spain and Africa by Muslims
- better quality of teaching - allowed church to control what people learned - brought in money - problems- poor housing, terrible food, not enough jobs |
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Monastic Learning
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- emphasized silence, obedience, submission
- not allowed to question - teaching method |
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Bernard of Clairvaux
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- conservative thinker and teacher
- influenced choice of Pope - disagreed with other teaching methods - one of Monastic teachers |
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Scholastic Method
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- logic and discussion to explore philosophy and theology
- used didactic method by Abelard |
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Peter Abelard
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-was a teacher at University of Paris
- gave up inheritance to study philosophy - chastised by Pope - was castrated for having a secret marriage and son, Heloise |
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abbot
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- church official
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Thomas Aquinas
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-wealthy family
- people made fun of him for being a large, clumsy man - called him flying cow - memorized bible when imprisoned becuz of parents - became Dominican - Doctor of the Church - wrote 40 books and hymns |
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Romanesque Architecture
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- think walls
- few small windows - rounded or Roman arches - vaulted ceilings - simple, undecorated - looked like a fortress |
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Gothic Architecture
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-pointed arch
- flying buttresses - stain glass windows - tall spires - gargoyles - vary decorated and busy |
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Byzantine Architecture
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- domes
- pendentive |
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Gregorian Chant
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- by Pope Gregory I
- used to enhance worship - sung in unison - one note per syllable - about scriptures |
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Guido d'Arezzo
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- monk that created 4-line staff
- treble and bass clef - came up music terminology |
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tobar
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- to sing poetry
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art in middle ages
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-representational
- halos - showed God's power, - 2 dimensional - very few non-religious art |
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Giotto
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- painted Lamentation (burial scene of Christ)
- bridge into Renaissance - began realism |
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Arthurian Legend
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- medieval writer
- wrote Geoffry of Monmouth, Mallory - wrote epics |
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Courtly Love
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- marriage no excuse for not loving
- made public, not endurable - pure love of a knight for a lady - books entertaining - jealous increases feeling of love |
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Dante Alighieri
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- well educated
- spiritual - loved Beatrice at 9 and wrote poems for her - was exiled - wrote divine (perfection) comedy (start sad end happy) - was catholic, only truth - truth absolute - knowledge gets us only so far |
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Francesco Petrarch
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- secular writer
- Renaissance man - self taught - wrote love poems to Laura |
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Development of English Language
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-comes from Anglo- Saxon
- has Dutch similarities - Latin base and rhyming |
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Why did Middle English occurred when it did
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- England more interactive with Europe
- English became language of court and peasants - Official language of prestige |
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Tri-lingual English
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- French words added by nobility
- Latin words added by clergy |
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tobar
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- to sing poetry
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art in middle ages
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-representational
- halos - showed God's power, - 2 dimensional - very few non-religious art |
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Giotto
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- painted Lamentation (burial scene of Christ)
- bridge into Renaissance - began realism |
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Arthurian Legend
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- medieval writer
- wrote Geoffry of Monmouth, Mallory - wrote epics |
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Courtly Love
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- marriage no excuse for not loving
- made public, not endurable - pure love of a knight for a lady - books entertaining - jealous increases feeling of love |
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Dante Alighieri
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- well educated
- spiritual - loved Beatrice at 9 and wrote poems for her - was exiled - wrote divine (perfection) comedy (start sad end happy) - was catholic, only truth - truth absolute - knowledge gets us only so far |
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Francesco Petrarch
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- secular writer
- Renaissance man - self taught - wrote love poems to Laura |
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Development of English Language
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-comes from Anglo- Saxon
- has Dutch similarities - Latin base and rhyming - eliminated linguistic gender - short words, strong consonants - Tri-lingual : French words added by nobility, Latin words added by clergy |
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Why did Middle English occurred when it did
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- England more interactive with Europe
- English became language of court and peasants - Official language of prestige |
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Geoffrey Chaucer
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- captured and ransomed during 100 year war
- involved in court life - wrote Canterbury Tales in English (wrote for a French-Speaking Class) - used many dialects and legitimized middle English - basis for other writers |
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tobar
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- to sing poetry
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art in middle ages
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-representational
- halos - showed God's power, - 2 dimensional - very few non-religious art |
|
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Giotto
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- painted Lamentation (burial scene of Christ)
- bridge into Renaissance - began realism |
|
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Arthurian Legend
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- medieval writer
- wrote Geoffry of Monmouth, Mallory - wrote epics |
|
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Courtly Love
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- marriage no excuse for not loving
- made public, not endurable - pure love of a knight for a lady - books entertaining - jealous increases feeling of love |
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Dante Alighieri
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- well educated
- spiritual - loved Beatrice at 9 and wrote poems for her - was exiled - wrote divine (perfection) comedy (start sad end happy) - was catholic, only truth - truth absolute - knowledge gets us only so far |
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Francesco Petrarch
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- secular writer
- Renaissance man - self taught - wrote love poems to Laura |
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Development of English Language
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-comes from Anglo- Saxon
- has Dutch similarities - Latin base and rhyming - eliminated linguistic gender - short words, strong consonants - Tri-lingual : French words added by nobility, Latin words added by clergy |
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Why did Middle English occurred when it did
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- England more interactive with Europe
- English became language of court and peasants - Official language of prestige |
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Geoffrey Chaucer
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- captured and ransomed during 100 year war
- involved in court life - wrote Canterbury Tales in English (wrote for a French-Speaking Class) |
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Canterbury Tales
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- written in middle english
- clever phrases - basis for other writers - used many dialects - gave a wide angle view of nature - specific on plants and people - why french- meter, thyme, meaning, dialect - about: 30 pilgrims on way to Canterbury and all tell different stories |
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troubadours
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-traveling singers from village to village singing about tales, news
- looked lowly on status |
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14th century
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- worst century because of plague, war, taxess, bad government
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Change in clergy
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- corrupt popes (focused on making money)
- bishops (multiple benefices) - priests (ignored celibacy rules) |
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Adopted Symbols in Church
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- sign of the cross
- Virgin Mary - saints |
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Philip IV, the fair
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- wanted to tax clergy
- France |
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Pope Boniface VIII
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- interacted with Phillip IV
- forced hermit to resign then elected |
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Avignon Papacy
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- 7 popes
- positions were purchased - accepted fees for forgiveness |
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Great Schism
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- Pope Gregory moved to Rome to die
- two popes excommunicated each other - Europe divided - had a Council in Pisa where elected new pope then refused to resign~> became 3 popes |
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100 year war
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- between France and England
- tactics and weapons improved, swords, crossbows, longbows - last phases of war Joan of Arc |
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Change role of women
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- common class,
- women serfs added to family income - high infant mortality |
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Black Death
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- famine in n. Europe
- plague because of sailors that spread through europe - reduced labor force and had excess materials |
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Technology during 14th century
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-imported from China and Islam
- magnetic compasses - paper, eye glasses - clocks, calendar - GUTENBERG PRESS, movable type ~>made public more literate |
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Changes in Nobility
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- kings gained more power at expense of church and minor nobles
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Factors enabling conquest of Americas
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-strong central rule
-capitalism with credit and entrepreneurship - competition between nations - putting technology together (chinese, Arabic) |
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Henry the Navigator
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-Portugal
- established maritime exploration pursuits, compass, catogrpahy - utilized caravel, gunpowder |
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Bartholomeu Diaz
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- discovered cape of Good Hope
- could have sailed around Africa |
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Vasco da Gama
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- gained control of spice trade
- first to sail around africa to india |
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Columbus
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-accidentally found America
-funded by Spain because of his reconquest of Spain by the Mores - good sailor, bad governor |
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Treaty of Tordesillas
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- line of demarcation
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Magellan
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- circumnavigating the earth
- discovers cape horn - Spain |
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Cortes
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- defeated Aztecs because they were awed of firearms/ fores, and they thought he was the white God Quetzalcoatl
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Pizarro
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- defeated Incas, peru
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England/France
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- looking for north west passage for trade
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St Lawrence
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- founded Quebec
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America Vespoochi
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- America named after him
- map maker and named captain of ship and named it after himself -did very little to earn it and it was a self rewarding act |
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Spanish
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- came to america looking for gold
- started right away as missionaries - later missions turned into work camps and slaves |
