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81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How do you catch a virgin according to Christian mythology?
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1. put virgin in forest
2. hide behind tree w net 3. unicorn comes, rests horn in her lap, falls asleep 4. Jump out and catch unicorn. |
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Who saw the source for the unicorn (ie. a rhino) and was dissapointed?
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Marco Polo
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What is Alicorn and what would it do if touched to food?
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Alicorn was a medieval unicorn horn. If touched to food the alicorn would reveal poisoin, and shavings were a poison antidote. - Turn colour.
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Where did medieval pharmacists likely get this so-called alicorn?
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From narwhal (left-handed helix structure tooth) Traded until 1740s.
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What was the Upas Tree also known as?
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The Javan Tree of Death
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Who first mentioned the Upas Tree/Javan Tree of Death?
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Friar Oderich of Protenau in 1330 and then John Mandeville (1355) - deadliest poison in the world!
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Why did people think there had to be a tree of death?
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Opposites Principle - everything must have its opposite. If there was a tree of life, there had to be a tree of death.
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Wait a second - John Mandeville. Who was he?
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He didn't actually exist. A physician in Belgium, Jean de Bourgogne said he was given a book by a traveler (Mandeville) who then died, but Jean later admitted he made it up and book as just copied from Oderich.
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Were European visitors taken to Java ever shown the tree of death?
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No they were never taken to it, just told of it. They were told of arrow poison from its sap.
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Who wrote Amoenitates exoticae in 1712 RE: JAVAN TREE OF DEATH?
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Dr. Englebert Kampfer. Claimed tree grew on island of Celebes. Tree dangerous to approach - let criminals do it.
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Rumphius from the Dutch East India Company said what about the Javan Tree of Death (Upas Tree)?
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He said it had two sexes and the male sex had a stronger poison. Emenation from tree burned skin, nothing grew under it and there were dead birds beneath it.
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What did the 1783 article in London Magazine have to say of the Tree of Death?
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- called Bohun-Upas
- couldn't live within 12 miles - dead bodies beneath tree - 70/700 criminals came back alive and were freed. |
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How did the story of the Upas Tree enter literature?
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-Erasmus Darwin wrote poem and play "Poison Tree" in 1820.
- Pushkin (Russian Shakespeare) wrote poem "Anchar". |
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Who was shown the Upas Tree?
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Leschenault: 30 m tall, surrounded by vegetation, no poisonous emanations, sap could paralyze animal's heart - ANTIARIN (ANTIARIS TOXICARA).
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How does Allelopathy and volcanoes fit into the Upas Tree story?
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- Allelopathy: plant supresses competition (black walnut)
- dormant volcanes seep C02 (happened in Lake Nias in Cameroon) |
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Talk about the Piltdown Man - what was another name, when was he found, and why Britain?
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-aka Man of Sussex (1st Britain)
- 1912 - no fossil hominins found in Britain... |
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Explain Mosaic evolution.
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Mosaic Evolution: unequal evolution of different features. Bipedal or brain first? Britain said brain lead to bipedalism.
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List the Piltdown Players (6)
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1. Charles Dawson
2. Sir Arthur Smith Woolward 3. Pierre Teilhard de Chardin 4. Sir Arthur Keith 5. Martin Hinton 6. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. |
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The Piltdown announcement was made in 1912, but when were bones "discovered"?
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Bones found in rubble heap in 1908 and taken to Dawson. Found fragments of 2 human like skulls, parts of ape lower jaw, no ascending ramus found.
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Who found Piltdown lower jaw?
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Dawson did. Not all pieces were found at the same time.
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What was important about the Piltdown Discovery?
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It supported the brain-lead model of evolution...
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Did everyone everywhere believe in Piltdown man?
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No - some people thought the brain and jaw were from 2 different creatures - accidental proximity.
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What happened in the 1920s-40s with respect to the Piltdown Man?
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He was mainly ignored as an anomoly. Not mentioned.
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When was the Piltdown fraud exposed as a hoax? How did they tell it was a hoax?
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Exposed as a hoax in 1953. Almost no flouride in fossils and chormic acid and iron sulphate used to stain bones. file marks on teeth.
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What were the actual dates of the Piltdown man?
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Jaw - female orangutan 500 ya.
Skull - human 600 ya. |
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Suspects in Piltdown Hoax?
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1. Dawson- found jaw in situ.
2. Dawson and Woodward- access 3. Martin Hinton - stains found 4. Doyle - grudge w/ science 5. Teihard de Chardin - prank? |
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What was the meaning of the Piltdown Hoax for science?
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- collosal waste of time
- poor initial examination - results confirmed expectation - scientific self-correction - 500 phD diss? Untrue, but still |
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How do stories arise and spread?
(11) |
- Observation of real org.
- a priori reasoning - confounding 2 org or phenom - secondhand reporting - mistranslation - exaggeration - authorities too much weight - difficulties in verification - appearance in literature - outright fakery - GOOD STORY! |
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Talk about Sir Arthur Smith Woodward
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- Chief of Natural History in British Museum
-Professional (straight arrow) - Non-anthropologist - Paleoichthyologist |
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Talk about Charles Dawson
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Amateur collector. Collected for British Museum. Made most of the discoveries or supervised people who did. Friends with Woodward.
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Greek and Islamic science had been assimilated by European scholars. What was the problem?
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- No investigations were made. They were scholastics, not scientists. Science required literacy. Technology passed from Master to apprentice.
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What did medieval technology contribute to later science?
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- Use of metals (iron)
- Horses as draft animals - power generation (wind/water) - military tech (canon, rifles, trebuchet, gunpowder) |
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When was the Reformation?
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1517 (Martin Luther)
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What did geographical discoveries do to stimulate science?
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People brought back new plants/animals - ppls' interests turned to nature now more than in medieval period.
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Talk about Printing Press
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- Gutenberg 1440s-1450s
- Bible 1445 - Made improvement on already existing technology - Metal type |
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Talk about Copernicus (1473-1543)
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- Took on existing Geocentric Model (not 1st to do this: Pythagoras, Aristarclus). Maintained perfect circles thus observation not complete.
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Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)
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Showed planetery orbits ellipses not circles.
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Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
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- one of 1st to use telescope
- discovered imperfections: sunspots, mtns on moon, Jupiter's moons |
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Contributions of Galileo?
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- emphasized importance of math in science
- "language of God is math" - respected authority of experimentation |
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Talk about Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727)
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-liked alchemy and was religious
-not general laws -biology, geography and geology -his work soo influential that serach for laws became model for science |
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Leonardo Da Vinci
1. He he organize or publish his scientific work? 2. Where did he learn anatomy? 3. Did he contribute to science? |
1. he never published, finished a book.
2. He learned anatomy at art school 3. No contrib. to science but art |
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Talk about Aristotle and:
- dissection - vivisection - fossils |
-dissections: horses, fish, insects, frogs, dogs
-vivsections: saw pig beating heart -fossils remains of ancient animals |
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Did Galileo Galilei invent the telescope?
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No, Galileo didn't invent it, but he was one of the first to use it.
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Andreas Vesalius
- what nationality was he? - was he self-educated? - What did he do as a child? - Orientation? |
Andreas Vesalius:
- was Belgian - Classical education. No. - Dissected animals as child. - Galenist in orientation. |
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Andreas Vesalius
-Who did he do for Jacobus Sylvius? - What did Vesalius notice about Galen's work? -Where did he grad. and teach? -Was "On the Fabric of the Human Body" well recieved? |
-did dissections for J. Sylvius
-Noticed discrepancies in Galen's work: realized Galen never did a dissection -Graduated from taught at Padua -NOT well received - gave it up |
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What did Andreas Vesalius teach?
- how did he get corpses for dissection? - Did Vesalius' students do one dissection at a time? |
- He taught anatomy at Padua
- Judge would execute in winter according to his teaching sched. -did many dissections simultaneously: muscles, nerves, viscera, skeleton. |
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Talk about "On the Fabric of Human Health"
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- Andreas Vesalius
- 28 years old - 7 parts: skeleton, muscles, vascular system, nervous system, abd. system, thoracic, brain&eye |
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Did Vesalius agree with Galen that the human body was perfectly designed by God?
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Yes. He agreed with Galen on this point.
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Michael Servetus:
-A child during which era? -What did he write? -Accepted at Nicean Council? -Offended whom? |
Michael Servetus:
-Child during Reformation -On the Errors of the Trinity -Yes. -Offended Protestant & Catholic |
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What were Michael Servetus' arguments for Pulmonary Circulation?
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-No pores in septum, so blood must get to LS of heart by other means. -Pulmonary artery HUGE
-Blood to/from heart diff colour |
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Who succeeded Vesalius at Padua?
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Realdo Colombo. (He later accused Vesalius of errors)
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What was Realdo Colombo's contribution?
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Posthumous publication of a clear statement of Pulmonary circulation (did he see Servatus' book?)
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Andrea Cesalpino produce a coherent, concentrated argument for pulmonary circulation.
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- No, Cesalpino never did write a clear agrument for pulmonary circulation.
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Girolamo Fabrici:
-Where did he teach? -Did he like to teach? -Who was his student? -What did he write? |
Girolamo Fabrici:
-Padua -Hated teaching. -William Harvey his student -On Valves of Veins (1603) |
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William Harvey:
-Nationality? Studied where? -What did he conclude in 1616? -What did he publish, and where? |
William Harvey:
-English, studied at Padua. -1616: blood circulates. -On the movement of the heart and blood. Pub. in Germany. |
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Why did William Harvey not think blood not produced from food?
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-Because each heart beat expelled 2 ounces of blood (600 lbs of blood per hour) too much for food.
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What were some unanswered questions from Harvey's work?
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-How arteries/veins connected?
-How tissues nourished if they don't consume blood? -is heart only a pump? -What does liver do if not make blood? |
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What are four significances of Harvey's work?
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-Blood circulation
-Model of good lab biology -Mechanical view of life -Blood transfusion |
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What is the difference between mechanicism and vitalism?
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Mechanicism: living processes are the conseq. of fundamental laws of physics, chemistry, mechanics.
VITALISM: living processes depend on vital force not explainable by fund. laws. |
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Rene Descartes:
-Did his model of living things involve chemistry? -Thoughts on universe? -Humans have soul? Animals? |
Rene Descartes:
-No chem., just physics, engineering -Universe mechanical -Humans alone have souls. |
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Where did Rene Descartes think soul was?
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In Pineal gland because it was not divided into right and left.
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Giovanni Borelli:
-Did he think muscles had air? -Heart? -Digestion? |
Giovanni Borelli:
-Air didn't inflate muscles. -Heart not heat engine -Digestion mechanical |
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Julien de la Mattrie:
-describe in a few words. -Thoughts on the soul? -Scientific laws of what? -How did he die? |
Julien de la Mattrie:
-athiest priest, free-thinker, everyone's enemy -no soul. Given to sensuality. -Scientific laws of mind -Ate too much truffle pastry |
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Which Greek playwright mentioned a convex lens in the 422 BCE play "Clouds"?
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Aristophanes
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Did Pliny have a concept of mircroscopy?
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He knew a globe filled with water could magnify small things.
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What about the 1st century Roman Philosopher Seneca? Did he use microscopy?
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He knew globes could magnify small writings when eyes were failing.
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What did Alhazen know about the lens of the eye?
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Alhazen knew lens of eye could focus image on retina.
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What did Robert Grosseteste and Roger Bacon know about microscopy?
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-They might have made telescopes
-Magnifiers -Burning lenses -Eye glasses |
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When was the microscope invented and who is given credit?
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Microscope invented around 1590 by 3 Dutch spectacle makers: Hans Lippershay and Janssen Brothers.
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Talk about early compound microscopes:
- realized advantage of what? - magnification of what power? - problem? |
-realized adv. of two lenses
-10 x - aberrations (distortions) a problem |
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Did everyone like microscopes?
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Nope - of course not. People thought they were unnatural, misleading and witchcraft.
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Who did the first drawing of a magnified object, when and what was it?
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-Francisco Stelluti
- 1630 -Drawing of Bees |
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Where does the word "cells" come from? What did Hooke invent (stole by Newton?) - What work did he publish?
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-Robert Hooke looked at cork: called chambers cells.
-Inverse square law of gravity -Micrographia (1665) |
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Did Robert Hooke look at non-living or living cells?
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Mostly non-living cells.
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Who looked at capllaries in frog lungs and made the connection between veins and arteries?
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Why Marcello Malphigi of course.
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Who was the first person to see embryonic development in chickens?
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-Marcello Malphigi though William Harvey was also interested with embryology at later stages.
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What are Malphigian Tubules?
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-Aid in insect excretion. Eew.
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Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek
-Nationality? -Career? -Latin? -Inspired by what work? |
Van Leeuwenhoek:
-Dutch -Cloth merchant -No Latin: independence. -Micrographia |
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Talk about Van Leeuwenhoek's microscopes
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-He did it all - smelted metal, made lens, etc. His design did not spawn progeny. One lens had less aberrations, but limits magnification
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Did Van Leeuwenhoek tell how he made lenses? Power? Students? Stage/Coverslips?
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-No, never let on. 100-200x. He didn't like students. No stage, coverslips.
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How many letters did Van Leeuwenhoek write to Royal Society? Personal life?
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400 letters accompanied by illustrations he hired artists to draw. Tragic. Widower twice.
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