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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Early mentions of lenses? |
-Aristophanes: his play "clouds" from 400 BC uses a lens as a burning tool (includes Socrates as a character) - Pliny (AD 100): Roman physicians used lenses for therapeutic burning and globes of water for magnifying -Alhazen (AD 1000): sphere can magnify images, eyes have a lens which projects image onto retina -Robert Gosseteste and Roger Bacon (AD 1200s): describe telescopes, eyeglasses, burning lenses and magnifiers |
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When was the compound microscope invented? Supposed inventors? How do they work? Controversy? |
- Around 1590 - Hans and Zacharias Janssen and Hans Lippershey. Also built by Galileo - two lenses, more magnification bu more abberations, distorting image - not trusted by everyone: thought to be unnatural and misleading |
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First drawings of magnified biological objects? |
- bees which were observed by Francisco Stelluti in 1630. |
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Who was Robert Hooke and what did he do? |
Curator of Royal Society of London (1635-1703), who set up a new microscope demonstration every week. Published the book "Micrographia" where he described elements of magnified cork as "cells" |
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Who completed Harvey's model of circulation? How? |
Marcello Malpighi of Bologna (1661) examined frig lungs and saw capillary connection between the arteries and veins |
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What else did Malpighi observe? Long debate subsequently started and 2 thoughts? |
-early stages of embryological development in chickens, debate began over how biological form develops. --epigeneticists: form developed from formlessness, but no explaination as to how transformation occurred --preformationists: development of form is simply growth (homonculus) |
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Who was Antoni van Leeuwenhoek? When was he alive? What did he make? |
Cloth merchant and scientific amateur (1632-1723). Did not share his scientific findings (or lied about them) as he had no scientific reputation to uphold. Made one lens microscopes with ferew abberations and high magnification (100-200x). Claimed he made them by polishing sand, likely used stretch out glass filament piece |
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Leeuwenhoek connection to the Royal society? |
He was inspired by Hooke's works, causing him to take up microscopy in his 30s. Antoni sent 400 letters to the Royal Society for publication in their journal "The Transactions of the Royal Society" |
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Major observations by Leeuwenhoek? |
-Blood and circulation: observed capillaries independently of Malpighi -microorganisms: put pepper in water, expected to see needles around pepper, instead saw microorganisms. Got people from Royal society to verify - Generative cells: med student told him that gonorrhea was motile and could be seen, instead he viewed motility of sperm, and saw it was formless (epigeneticist) - spontaneous generation: saw corn weevils didn't spontaneously generate, mapped whole life cycle |
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Did Leeuwenhoek do his own drawings? What did he notice in salmon red blood cells? |
No, he hired Dutch artists to do them for him. Noticed the presence of nuclei in some cells |
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Potential reason microscopy died off between 17th and 19th centuries? |
People stopped focussing on sciences, much fewer universities in 18th century. Also because Leeuwenhoek didn't tell anyone how to make microscopes/ train anyone. Only blew up in the 19th century because coated lenses with fewer abberations were introduced |
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Importance of alchemy to chemistry? Deficiencies of alchemy as a science? |
- concepts of analysis, transformations, equipment etc were carried over into chemistry - however, had no good theory/understanding and did not use precise measurements as is used in modern chemistry |
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Who was Paracelsus? When was he alive? What did he think of academia? |
Physician and early chemist (1493-1541). Rejected academia, thought doctors needed to travel around and learn from all types of people. |
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What did Paracelsus do with Trimethus? His medical career? |
Trimethus was an alchemist he worked with in mines to learn about metallurgy and properties of metals: used later in his practice. He never earned a formal degree, but practiced as a private physician (self proclaimed double doctor) and was successful in using simple and inexpensive medicines |
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What did Paracelsus do at the University of Basel? |
Got a position teaching medicine, and was briefly appointed city physician. Gave first lecture in German so all attending could understand (dramatic poo is the secret of life thing). After a few weeks he burned all the works of Galen and Avicenna, was thrown out, and was hated by physicians and apothecaries of the city |
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Paracelsus' philosophy and approach to medicine? |
-ignore authority and ancient authors (other than Hippocrates' ethics) -medicine should focus on function not form (dissection of the dead is useless) - chemistry is essential to the understanding of human function and medicine (iatrochemistry) -the body has an internal alchemist "archeus" that controls functions -illness is result of defects in body chemistry, each disease has a specific chemical therapy |
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What did Paracelsus think of drug choice? |
Should be partly based on astrology (corresponding planets, metals and parts of the body). Choice of drugs should also be based on Doctrine of Signatures (walnut, brain) |
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How did Paracelsus treat: wounds? syphilus? wide spectrum of complaints? pain and cough suppressant? putting patients to sleep? |
- keeping them clean and letting them heal -mercury (only known treatment until using arsenic in the early 1900s - metals -Laudanum (dissolved opium alkaloids in alcohol instead of water - diethyl ether (never used, but found out this property just before he died) |
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How did Paracelsus think like a chemist? Like a Biochemist? Like a mystic? |
- thought medical remedies should be pure substances with known amounts of active ingredients - thought there were chemical transformations inside organisms and specific substances made you sick for different reasons (no to humors) - believed in alchemy, astrology, doctrine of signature etc |
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Who was Jan Baptista van Helmont? When was he alive? What did he understand? What did he think everything was made of? Experiment? |
-Flemish mystic, physician and chemist who was inspired by Paracelsus (1579-1644) -Conservation of matter (no mass change when dissolving metal in acid) - water (except for air). Willow tree in pot, gave water, gained 164 pounds |
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What did Van Helmont find about air? Specific vapour of interest? |
-there are many kinds of airs. Burned charcoal and found vapours would not support the burning of a candle. Similar vapour given off by burning alcohol and wine fermentation - spiritus sylvester |
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What processes were assimilated by Van Helmont? |
Food use by animals, alcoholic fermentation and the burning of wood. Considered them all fermentation |
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Who was Franciscus Sylvius? When was he alive? What did he propose? What was he especially interested in? What did he also invent? |
-Early Chemist involved in digestion (1614-1672) -put iatrochemistry on a natural footing, with no mystical archeus -acids and alkalis: thought digestion needed both and illness was from an acid/base imbalance - medicine for kidney ailments: distilled spirit flavoured w juniper berries |
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Who was Rene Antoine Ferchault Reaumur? When was he alive? What did he seek to answer? How did he do it? |
-Chemist involved in digestion (1683-1757) -if digestion was a physical or chemical process - put meat in hollow cylinder in hawk stomach, saw chemicals partially dissolved it -also found stomach acid digested meat in a dish |
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What was phlogiston? Phlogiston theory of combustion? Oxidation theory of combustion? |
-Principle of combustion in 18th century -Phlogiston was essentially inside matter and was released upon burning, when done in an enclosed space it would not only allow combustion for a limited amount of time as phlogiston would move from wood to air, and air could only absorb so much -air contains oxygen, used to cause burning through chemical rearrangement and release of a new material (CO2) |
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Who came up with the phlogiston concept? What did he believe wood consisted of? |
Johann Becher (1635-1681). Believed wood consists of ash and terra pinguis. When wood is burned terra pinguis is released |
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Who modified the concept of terra pinguis? What did he believe? |
-George Ernst Stahl (1660-1742), renamed it phlogiston -flame is heated air caused by rush of phlogiston out of rapidly burning material. Thought rusting is same process but slower (metal gained mass as it lost phlogiston) -different materials had different phlogiston |
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Who discovered CO2? Called it? When was he alive? How did he quantify CO2? |
-Joseph Black (1728-1799), called it fixed air. - saw it was produced by combustion and fermentation -reacted fixed air with excess of calcium hydroxide (lime), get a measurable amount of calcium carbonate |
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Who discovered oxygen? When was he alive? How did he find it? What did he think happened through respiration? What else did he notice? |
-Joseph Priestly (1733-1804), called it dephlogisticated air - Focusing sunlight on mercury oxide - venous blood is loaded with phlogiston, released into atmosphere by lungs - plants took up phlogiston and restore dephlogisticated air |
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Who discovered photosynthesis? What did he note? |
Jan Ingen-Housz (1730-1799). Noted green parts of plants are responsible for restoring injured air, but this is only done in sunlight |
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Who came up with the oxidation theory and correctly recognized oxygen? When was he alive? What did he conclude? Experiment? |
-Antoine Lavoisier (1734-1794), chemist geologist and founder of metric system - respiration and combustion consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide. By use of latent heat (discovered by Black) put mouse in ice calorimeter and amount of water drained off is proportional to heat released. Also collected CO2 and quantified with lime. Whatever heat source he put in chamber, CO2 and heat released were always proportional |
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What did Louis-Joseph Proust discover? When? |
- elements combine in compound substances in simple constant ratios by weight: Law of Definite Proportions (1788) |
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What did John Dalton discover? When was he alive? |
(1766-1844) realized that Proust's result could be explained if each compound consists of elements made of atoms. Each atom has a fixed weight and a given compound consists of specific numbers of each kind of atom |
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Two scientists who made organic molecules outside the body with lab reagents? What did they make? |
-Friedrich Wohler (1800-1882) made urea -Hermann Kolbe (1818-1884) made acetic acid |
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Who was Robert Boyle? What else did he believe? |
Scientist who changed the word alchemist to chemist. Believed in molecular theory, including molecular collisions |
