History Of America Chapter 1,2,3

Front 1

570 AD

Back 1

Muhammad is born in Mecca (Saudi Arabia)

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Beringia

Back 2

Between present-day Siberia on the Asian continent and Alaska in North America. Now covered by the Bering Sea and Arctic Ocean, Beringia during the Ice Age was a dry frigid grassland. Land made bridge that connected Asia to North America. Was a possible migration route for Native Americans.

Front 3

Vikings

Back 3

First Europeans in America, pre-Columbus, but left shortly after. Vikings arrived 500 years before Columbus

Front 4

“Silk Road”

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Trade route between Europeans and Asians (Europe to Asia and back)

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Marco Polo

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Italian who found himself all the way in Asia for 10 years. Explored this new land. When he returned home, he brought back all the information he learned and gave that to others, which in turn made other want to go explore themselves.

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610 AD

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Muhammad began having spiritual experiences that he believes are messages from God (thinks he is a prophet). He creates the Islam religion, muslims are those who practice Islam. Muhammad preached to the poor and needy.

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622 AD

Back 7

Muhammad runs from Mecca to Medina *Mecca is the most holy place for Muslims*

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Hegira

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Muhammad’s travel from Mecca to Medina

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632 AD

Back 9

Muhammad dies

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Monotheism

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Means following/ believing in only one god

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Pillars of Islam

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charity, praying 5 times a day, must face Mecca (east), make a trip to Mecca, must fast once a year

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Crusades

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Military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th-13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslim rule. Action against Islamic control. Called the “Holy Wars”. This was Christian followers way to reclaim the holy land from Islamic rule.

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Holy Land

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Palestine (Israel, Jordan, Syria, and West Bank). Sacred land for Christians, Jews, and Muslims.

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Reconquista

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War of Liberation from Islamic power.

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Henry the Navigator

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Prince Henry the Navigator was a prince of Portugal. He trained and supported sea travel including the trip around Africa to Asia. Prince who founded an observatory and school of navigation and directed voyages that helped build Portugal’s colonial empire

Front 16

1430

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By 1430 Portugal found and took control of islands off the shore of Africa. Within 30 years, Prince Henry’s protégés pushed into Africa itself and opened trade with the Songhai Empire (in West Africa)

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Songhai Empire

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Empire in West Africa whose capital was Timbuktu; it’s ruler accepted Islam around the year 1000.

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1550

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By 1550, the Portuguese ships were carrying African slaves throughout the world

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Cape of Good Hope

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A point of land projecting into the Atlantic Ocean at the southern tip of Africa; to trade with Asia, European mariners had to sail around the cape to pass from South Atlantic into the Indian Ocean. Previously named the Cape of Storm but was changed to not scare away other travelers away.

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Bartolomeu Dias

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Bartolomeu Dias was the founder of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.

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1497

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Vasco de Gama sailed around the cape and launched the Portuguese exploration to Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean

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Vasco de Gama

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was the first to sail around the cape and on to India in 1497

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Christopher Columbus

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Italian explorer in the service of Spain who attempted to reach Asia by sailing west from Europe, thereby arriving in North America in 1492

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Ferdinand and Isabella

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after throwing off Islamic rule on the coast, hired Columbus and equipped him with three boats: Niña, Pinta, and Santa Maria. He was employed to travel west across the Atlantic Ocean to the East Indies. Instead he arrived in the Bahamas

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Columbian Exchange

Back 25

the exchange or people, plants, and animals among Europe, Africa, and North America that occurred after Columbus’s arrival in the new world. The exposure to new diseases carried by Europeans (such as smallpox, measles, typhus, and other diseases) that they had immunity to killed up to 90-95% of the native population in the first century of contact.

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Slave Coast

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A region of coastal West Africa adjacent to the Gold Coast; it was the principal source of the slaves taken out West Africa from the 16th- 19th century

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1500- 1870

Back 27

In the slave trade between 1500 and 1870, it is estimated that more than 9.5 million enslaved Africans went to the New World

Front 28

Francisco Vásquez de Coronado

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Spanish soldier and explorer who led an expedition northward from Mexico in search of fabled cities of gold passing through New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Kansas; gave Spain claim to most of the American Southwest between 1540 and 1542

Front 29

Sir Walter Raleigh

Back 29

An English courtier, soldier, and adventurer who attempted to establish the Virginia Colony

Front 30

Roanoke Island

Back 30

An island off North Carolina that Walter Raleigh sought to colonize beginning in 1585. England’s first attempt at colonization was in July 1584 off the coast of North Carolina. Walter Raleigh spent his fortune sending colonists to Roanoke where they encountered the local Croatoan indians. After 3 years of not being able to send supplies due to the war with Spain, Raleigh sent a relief ship with supplies only to not be able to find any colonists. The only clue found was the word “Croatoan” carved into a nearby tree. This is known as the Lost Colony.

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Church of England

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Was the Protestant church established in the 16th century by King Henry VIII as England’s official church; also known as the Anglican Church. When King Henry VIII gained control of the Catholic Church in England in 1535 he opened the door to Protestant practices in his new Church of England.

Front 32

1400

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By the 1400s, European nations began unifying as countries that came together under 1 ruler. An example is Spain in 1467-1469 when two city-states joined under the rule of Isabella and Ferdinand

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1492

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Muslims are kicked out of Spain. Newly independent and wanting to begin trading again, Isabella and Ferdinand hired Columbus giving him 3 boats: the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria.

After approximately 33 days of travel, Columbus arrived in the Bahamas. This discovery “opened the gates” to travel to the New World

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Magnetic compass

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a Chinese invention that helped sailors know in which direction they are going (north, east, west, south)

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Astrolabe

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an instrument created by Arabs that could measure the position of the sun and stars. Navigators could use these readings to calculate their latitude (their distance north or south of the equator)

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Ghana Empire

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(300 AD -1200 AD)

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Mali Empire

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(1240 AD - 1470 AD)

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Songhai Empire

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(1470 AD - 1600 AD)

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The Invincible Armada

Back 39

was a fleet of 132 warships sent by Philip II of Spain to destroy England in 1588. Although carrying 3,000 cannon and 30,000 men, they were unable to launch a successful attack and an approaching storm defeated the fleet. As a result of the Great (Invincible) Armada, England became a stronger power in Europe

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“Brown Gold”

Back 40

referred to the rise in popularity of furs. Seeking to “tap in” on the “brown gold”, Dutch built a trading post on the Hudson River in 1614. Also refers to tobacco. Growing tobacco required land and a lot of labor. Land was taken from Native Americans by pushing them off their land.

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Virginia Company

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Originated in London. A joint stock company. One familiar name bought stock in this company: William Shakespeare

Front 42

1607

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Virginia or Jamestown colony was founded. Virginia for the “virgin” queen and Jamestown in honor of King James.

They sent only men and boys (around 100) no women.

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“Starving Times”

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The original settlers began dying from disease and lack of food in the first 6 months. Eventually leading to cannibalism!

Out of 105 men sent, only 38 survived.

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John Smith

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A man of military experience. He began stabilizing the colonization. Because of him, the colony got through hard times. He became the political power in Virginia. He developed a “work or starve” ethic that saved the colony.

Front 45

Chief Powhatan

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Was the leader of the Native Americans in the area. His daughter was Pocahontas.

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John Rolfe

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Came to the rescue of the colony when no gold was found in Virginia. He developed a more mild-tasting tobacco that became the crop to generate money to send to England. Referred to as “brown gold”. Rolfe married Pocahontas and brought her to England, where she gave birth to a son but died a year after arriving.

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1625

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Virginia was owned by the crown

* Virginia used indentured servitude instead of high-priced African slaves

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Indentured Servitude

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Solved the labor problem by bringing “lower class” people from England to do the work for 50 acres of land. Indentured servitude solved was a signed agreement that after 5-7 years the laborer would be free, a land owner, and a Virginia citizen. Over 40% of these people died from being over-worked.

Even with indentured servitude contracts, tobacco growing required more and more workers.

Front 49

Headright System

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The grant of 50 acres of land for each settler brought over to Virginia by a colonist. The term used for this indentured servitude

Front 50

The House of Burgesses

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formed in 1619. Virginia’s first form of government in America. In need of building a government system to regulate laws and discipline, they chose a representative government because of how far they were from each other. They did not follow the monarch type of government the England used. This is where a democratic system in America began.

Front 51

1619

Back 51

The first African came to America in 1619 to Virginia

Front 52

1520

Back 52

The population in Mexico was 25 million, after the impact of European disease that number dropped to 1.3 million in 1600.

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Hernando de Soto

Back 53

First Europeans to travel into the interior of North American

Europeans brought over things (horses, foods, etc) to the New World that Native Americans had never seen

Front 54

1732

Back 54

By 1732, slaves made up ⅔ of the population in the New World

Front 55

The Columbian Exchange

Back 55

The exchange of people, plants, and animals among Europe, Africa, and North America that occurred after Columbus's arrival in the New World.

The Columbian Exchange directly impacted Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans both positively and negatively

The spread of disease did not only impact one group of people. Syphilis and Malaria both spread to North America and Europe from Africa

Front 56

Cash Crop

Back 56

a crop raised in large quantities for sale rather than local or home consumption.

Front 57

Parliament

Back 57

he law-making branch of the English government, composed of the House of Lords, representing England’s nobility, and the House of Common’s, an elected body of untitled English citizens.

Front 58

Separatists

Back 58

English protestants who chose to leave the Church of England because they believed it was corrupt

Front 59

Pilgrims

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A small group of separatists who left England in search of religious freedom and sailed to Holland in 1611. And then to America on the Mayflower in 1620, anchoring on Cape Cod

* Motivation for establishing Massachusetts was based on religious freedom

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Plymouth Colony

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When the pilgrims arrived on Cape Cod, they established the Plymouth Colony. This was eventually joined into the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Front 61

Massachusetts Bay Colony

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run by the bible; they became intolerant of all other religions or colonists that were against their government.

Front 62

Henry VIII

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wanted badly to have a son as his heir to the crown, but his wife could not produce a boy. He pursued a divorce but was denied by the Pope (Catholic Church). To get his way, he broke off from the Catholic Church and created his own church, The Church of England

Front 63

William Bradford

Back 63

the separatist who brought the Pilgrims to America; he became the first governor of Plymouth plantations

Front 64

Mayflower Compact

Back 64

An agreement drafted in 1620 when the Pilgrims reached America that granted political rights to all male colonists who would abide by the colony’s law

Front 65

Squanto

Back 65

A Patuxet who came upon the Pilgrims in Spring 1621 that taught the remaining colonists survival techniques in America and acted as a translator for the colonists to make peace with neighboring Indian communities.

Front 66

John Winthrop

Back 66

41 year old lawyer that led a group of puritans in 1629 to the Massachusetts Bay Colony and became the colony’s first governor

Front 67

The “Great Migration”

Back 67

The movement of Puritans from England to America in the 1630s, caused by political and religious unrest in England

Front 68

Roger Williams

Back 68

Puritan minister banished from Massachusetts for criticizing its religious rules and government policies (how they seized land from Native Americans). In 1635 he founded Providence, a community based on religious freedom and separation of church and state. They preached “Freedom of Conscious”. This later became the state Rhode Island. Roger Williams learned Native languages to communicate with Native Americans. He also paid them fairly for the land he wanted instead of taking it. Any profit Williams made went directly back into improving the colony.

Front 69

Rhode Island

Back 69

Got it’s name “Rogues Island” because the rogue followers of Roger Williams all traveled to Providence. Rhode Island welcomed Quakers, Jews, and Baptists

Front 70

Thomas Hooker

Back 70

Left Massachusetts voluntarily because he did not approve of the governing ways of the Church/ Government. He left and founded Hartford.

Front 71

Anne Hutchinson

Back 71

A religious leader banished from Massachusetts in 1636 because of her criticism of the colonial government and what were judged to be heretical beliefs. She was highly educated, knowing the bible thoroughly. Anne held meetings at her home where she criticized sermons. These meetings grew in popularity to men and women of the colony. She was also a midwife, because in those times childbirth killed many women. When Anne became a threat to Winthrop’s government, they brought her to trial (while she was 8 months pregnant). She was found guilty of being a heretic and exiled for saying she directly communicated with God. Meaning if people can speak with God, there is no need for ministers. Anne was later in killed in Long Island during a war between Native Americans and Colonists in that area.

Front 72

Heretic

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A person who does not behave in accordance with an established attitude. doctrine, or principle, usually in religious matters.

Front 73

Quakers

Back 73

Members of the Society of Friends, a radical protestant sect that believed in the equality of men and women, pacifism, and the presence of a divine “inner light” in every individual.

Front 74

1636

Back 74

Pequot War between Massachusetts and Connecticut colonists against the Pequot Indians

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Pequot War

Back 75

Conflict in 1636 between the Pequot Indians inhabiting eastern Connecticut and the colonists of Massachusetts Bay and Connecticut. Colonists allied with other Native American tribes, the Narragansetts and Mohicans to destroy and drive the Pequots from the area. The war did not end until the Pequot men had been killed and the women and children sold into slavery.

Front 76

King Philip’s War

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The war between the Plymouth Colonist and the Wampanoags in 1675 over the Pilgrims demand for new Indian land. Began in Swansea, MA in August 1675 Chief Metacom used guerilla tactics and allied with the Narragansetts and other small tribes. Eventually the governor of New York sent Iroquois troops to help defeat the Wampanoags in 1676. Lasted 18 months.

Front 77

Bloody Brook Massacre

Back 77

In South Deerfield, MA 40 colonist soldiers were ambushed by Native Americans when they stopped to replenish themselves at a brook. The attack left the water full of blood. The brook today is called Muddy Brook.

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Great Swamp Fight

Back 78

In December 1675, the Narragansett tribe was attacked by the English. The English were merciless killing men, women, and children.

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Spring 1676

Back 79

By the Spring of 1676, Native American numbers dwindled from starvation, sickness, and constant battle

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August 1676

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King Philip (Chief Metacom) was shot and beheaded as a symbol of the end of the war with an English victory

⅕ of the Native American population died during King Philip’s War.

Front 81

Chief Metacom

Back 81

A Wampanoag chief who led the Indian resistance to colonial expansion in New England in 1675 Was known as King Philip to the English.

Front 82

Shifting Cultivation

Back 82

farming land for as long as the soil has nutrients then moving on to new land to leave the infertile land to be replenished by nature.

Front 83

George Calvert

Back 83

preached for separation from England for Catholics. Calvert was known as Lord of Baltimore. He founded Maryland with his son as a sanctuary for Catholics in 1632

Front 84

1642

Back 84

Civil War in England

Front 85

Oliver Cromwell

Back 85

The puritan leader in the civil war.

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English Civil War

Back 86

Between the puritans led by Oliver Cromwell and King Charles. The Puritans were successful in 1649.

From 1649 to 1660, the Puritans ruled England

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Restoration Era

Back 87

the era following the restoration of the Monarchy to England, which began in 1660 with King Charles II and ended in 1688 with the exile of King James II

Front 88

Restoration Colonies

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Colonies established during the Restoration Era. Also called proprietary colonies.

Front 89

Half-way Covenant

Back 89

An agreement made in 1662 in Massachusetts that gave partial membership in Puritan churches to children of church members even if they had not had a “saving faith” experience.

Front 90

1683

Back 90

King Charles II insisted that the Massachusetts Bay colony revise its charter to weaken the influence of biblical teachings and eliminate the stringent voting requirements. When the government refused, Charles II revoked their charter.

Front 91

Dominion of New England

Back 91

A megacolony created in 1686 by James II under the control of one royal governor. This megacolony included Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Plymouth Plantations, New Jersey, and New York. In 1689 when William and Mary came to the throne they dissolved the Dominion. William and Mary did not restore the Bay Colony charter.

Front 92

1691

Back 92

Massachusetts became a royal colony governed by the Crown.

Front 93

Suffrage

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or voting rights were granted to all free males who met a property requirement. Church membership ceased to be mandatory for citizenship.

Front 94

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

Back 94

Several Girls and Women began showing signs of bewitchment and placed all the blame on a West Indian slave named Tituba and other women in the village. 19 people were executed in total. Accusations and trials continued on until Sir William Phips dismissed the current court system and replaced it with a new court in January 1963

Front 95

1660s

Back 95

Charles II seized New Netherland from the Dutch. The English divided it into three colonies: New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. Charles II wanted New Netherland and his brother James, called Duke of York (later King James II) helped. In 1644, King Charles agreed to give James control of the region between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers if he could take it from the Dutch. He took naval ships to acquire the land. When the Dutch Governor tried to rally the colonists to fight back against the English they were not interested and allowed England to seize the land. In 1644, New Netherlands became New York.

New York’s population doubled between 1665 and 1685 reaching 15,000 people

Became a religious refuge for French Protestants, English Quakers, and Scottish Presbyterians (members of a protestant sect that eventually became the established Church of Scotland.

Front 96

Jacob Leisler

Back 96

A German merchant who led a revolt in New York in 1689 against royal officials representing the Dominion of New England. When William and Mary sent a new governor to New York, Leisler refused to give up his power. Finding little support, he was arrested, tried, and executed for being a traitor along with his son.

Front 97

1663

Back 97

King Charles II gave 8 of his greatest supporters several million acres of land south of Virginia, which they named Carolina to honor the King’s late father.

Colonists to the south of the Carolina’s used imported slaves to cultivate the land for rice and became rich quickly. Northern Carolinians didn’t have as much success.

Farm families for Virginia traveled south into Carolina slowly became successful through tobacco and naval stores

By 1708, enslaved blacks outnumbered whites in the Carolina colony. 12 years later (1720) Africans were 65% of the population.

Front 98

1729

Back 98

the Northern Carolinians had a large enough population to take control from the original proprietors and separated from the southern section of the colony, thus forming North and South Carolina.

Front 99

William Penn

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An English Quaker who founded the colony of Pennsylvania in 1681. King Charles wanted to reward William Penn Senior and get William Penn Junior ( a quaker) out of England. King Charles II gave the Penn family a charter for the area west of the Delaware River in 1681. Pennsylvania, meaning “Penn’s Woods” was based on everyone being equal regardless of gender, age, and intelligence. Religious tolerance in the colony was very attractive to other colonists. William Penn Junior learned the Native American’s language and bought the land from them fairly, creating harmony between the two cultures. Philadelphia is known as the “city of brotherly love”

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James Oglethorpe

Back 100

English philanthropist who established the colony of Georgia in 1732 as a refuge for debtors (English men and women imprisoned for minor debts). King George II accepted the charter for Georgia as an obstacle between the Spanish owned Florida and the rest of the colonies. In the 1st year, there were no slaves to do the work for the debtors. Every person had to do work for the colony to redeem themselves. This was not a restoration colony because it was not a gift from King Charles II

Front 101

John Berkeley & George Carteret

Back 101

1644 Charles II gave Berkeley and Carteret a colony to own for themselves. This colony was New Jersey. Both had major difficulties attracting the interest of Europeans to their colony. Eventually each gave up their share of the colony because they gave up on it.