Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Lines running North-South on a map or globe that measure Longitude.
|
Meridians.
|
|
|
Lines running East-West on a map or globe that measure Latitude.
|
Parallels.
|
|
|
A map that shows physical or political features.
|
General Purpose.
|
|
|
A map that shows resources, rainfall, or any other special characteristic.
|
Thematic (or special purpose map).
|
|
|
The body of learned, socially transmitted behavior passed from one generation to the next.
|
Culture.
|
|
|
The vast time span before the invention of written records.
|
Prehistory.
|
|
|
A prejudice or sympathy present in written records due to the writer's beliefs, either intentional or unintentional.
|
Bias.
|
|
|
The location of an area given in terms of some other place.
|
Relative Location.
|
|
|
The specific location of an area on the earth.
|
Absolute Location.
|
|
|
The physical objects and materials from past culture that are recovered by archaeologists.
|
Artifacts.
|
|
|
The process of mapping the spherical earth on a flat surface.
|
Projection.
|
|
|
The errors found in a map due to the impossibility of showing a spherical surface on a flat one.
|
Distortion.
|
|
|
The technology and physical attributes of a people's culture.
|
Material Culture.
|
|
|
the ideas, thoughts, and values of a society.
|
Non-material Culture.
|
|
|
Man's recorded past.
|
History.
|
|
|
Economy involving direct exchange of one type of good for another.
|
Barter.
|
|
|
A document written after an event by one who did not witness or participate in it.
|
Secondary Source.
|
|
|
A document or record written by a writer who participated in or lived through the events in question.
|
Primary Source.
|
|
|
The method by which a society produces, distributes, and consumes goods and services.
|
Economy.
|
|
|
Dating an object by examination of tree rings.
|
Dendrochronology.
|
|
|
The dating system that measures the remains of a radioactive chemical in living tissue.
|
Carbon 14.
|
|
|
Dating methods that determine the age of an artifact or find in years.
|
Absolute Dating.
|
|
|
Dating methods which determine the chronological relation of an artifact to other artifacts found around it.
|
Relative Dating.
|
|
|
The scientific term for a group of creatures which can interbreed with itself, but not with any other creatures outside its group.
|
Species.
|
|
|
The Great Ice Age this climatic shift played a great part in later human evolution.
|
Pleistocene.
|
|
|
Found in caves and as jewelry, this seems to be a purely modern human innovation, picked up only partially and very late by Neanderthals.
|
Art.
|
|
|
The theory that Homo sapiens arose independently in various regions of the world.
|
Multi-regional.
|
|
|
Often called "survival of the fittest," it is the process by which only the best adapted survive to breed, and pass on their traits.
|
Natural Selection.
|
|
|
The culture of the Homo sapiens of the late old stone age.
|
Cro-magnon.
|
|
|
The first use to which our ancestors put their newly invented stone tools.
|
Scavenging.
|
|
|
The common name of the last non-sapiens human ancestor to die out; they had a very advanced culture, and were almost certainly as smart as our own species.
|
Neanderthal.
|
|
|
This most dreaded of human activity arose as farming made land and water vital, and thus worth protecting.
|
War.
|
|
|
This hominid was the first to make and use tools.
|
Australopithicus Garhi.
|
|
|
The Middle Stone Age, a short transitional time period between the Old Stone Age and the rise of agriculture.
|
Mesolithic.
|
|
|
This famous Y-shaped canyon in Africa's Great Rift Valley is the site of some of the richest fossil rinds.
|
Olduvai Gorge.
|
|
|
This continent is the "cradle" of humanity.
|
Africa.
|
|
|
The theory of how a species changes over time.
|
Evolution.
|
|
|
A tool technology based on using a piece of rock sharpened by hammering the edges.
|
Core.
|
|
|
The New Stone Age, which began in various parts of the world when humans learned to domesticate plants and animals.
|
Neolithic.
|
|
|
This branch of Australopithicus became specialists, developing specifically to eat roots and nuts, which eventually caused their extinction.
|
Gracile.
|
|
|
The Copper Age, which arose from the advances of technology brought about by farming.
|
Chalcolithic
|
|
|
The shape, size, and internal volume of this part of a fossil hominid is the most commonly used factor in deciding where it belongs in the hominid family tree.
|
Skull.
|
|
|
The Late Old Stone Age, a time shared by modern humans and their Neanderthal relatives.
|
Upper Paleolithic.
|
|
|
The rise of warfare and the intensive labor demands of farming gave rise to this regrettable practice of forced labor, which continues in parts of the world even today.
|
Hunting.
|
|
|
An alternative name for the outdated "evolutionary synthesis" theory, because it proposed that each species evolved from the next in a slow process over time, with only one species around at any one time.
|
Gradualism.
|
|
|
This technology was first invented by farmers to store food; it is the most commonly found artifact from ancient times.
|
Pottery.
|
|
|
The food of our earliest hominid ancestors.
|
Vegetation.
|
|
|
The term for people following particular occupations other than food production; it was made necessary by the new skills agricultural cultures required, and made possible by the surpluses generated by farming.
|
Specialization of Labor.
|
|
|
The Middle Old Stone Age, a time in which most early hominids had become extinct, and in which the first Homo sapiens arose in Africa.
|
The Middle Old Stone Age.
|
|
|
The term for all members of the human species, from our earliest ancestors all the way up to our highly developed selves.
|
Hominid.
|
|
|
This branch of Australopithecus became generalists, eating plants and scavenging animal remains, a tactic which proved successful in the long run.
|
Robusts.
|
|
|
The change from hunting and gathering to farming.
|
Agricultural Revolution.
|
|
|
The primary originator of the theory of how species change over time.
|
Charles Darwin.
|
|
|
The lifestyle of Homo ergaster and later hominids.
|
Hunter/gatherer.
|
|
|
The area in the Middle East where farming was first practiced.
|
Fertile Crescent.
|
|
|
The Early Old Stone Age a time when many hominid species arose, co-existed, and became extinct.
|
Lower Paleolithic.
|
|
|
The modern theory that modern Homo sapiens arose first in Africa and migrated to the rest of the world, displacing other hominids from Asia and Europe.
|
Out of Africa.
|
|
|
The tools a species knew how to make and use, a key to helping unravel the story of evolution.
|
Tool Kit.
|
|
|
The natural mutation that occurs in species and which, in time, can result in new evolutionary adaptations.
|
Variation.
|
|
|
A tool technology based on using the razor-sharp pieces hammered from the edges of a larger stone as cutting tools.
|
Flake.
|
|
|
The basic building "codes" of living organisms, which control physical attributes and are responsible for the variation seen in species.
|
Genes.
|
|
|
The adaptation of walking upright no two legs, one of the earliest of hominid evolutionary adaptations.
|
Bipedalism.
|
|
|
The lifestyle followed by those who raise animals, and travel with them between seasonal pastures.
|
Pastoralism.
|
|
|
The early African fore-runner of Homo erectus, it was the first to leave Africa in large numbers use more advanced stone tools, and master fire and hunting.
|
Homo ergaster.
|
|
|
This innovation, probably first found among Homo ergaster or Homo heidelbergensism is viewed as the beginning of culture.
|
Language.
|
|
|
The most modern understanding of evolution, this theory proposes long stretches of little change in species, broken by rapid change and the appearance of new species, with many species alive and competing at any one time.
|
Punctuated Equilibria.
|
|
|
These small communities grew up as people settled down in one place to be near their crops.
|
Villages.
|
|
|
The first creature tamed by Stone-age hunters.
|
Dog.
|
|
|
The genus of our more primitive ancestors, not yet human enough to be included in the genus Homo; Lucy and Taung Child are the most famous specimens.
|
Australopithicus.
|
|
|
The scientific name for our species.
|
Homo Sapiens.
|
|
|
The divisions of prehistory based on tool technology.
|
Stone Age.
|
|
|
This species of the genus Homo is found only in Asia, and probably evolved there from Homo ergaster (though some still think THIS species was the first to leave Africa).
|
Homo Erectus.
|
|
|
A religious/cultural center featuring stone monuments and tombs in the Middle East and Europe.
|
Stone henge.
|
|
|
Three characteristics to qualify as a civilization.
|
Must have advanced, urban-based, literature, state-level culture.
|
|
|
The theme of geography that studies what makes an area unique.
|
Place.
|
|
|
The theme of geography that studies where a place or phenomena is found.
|
Location.
|
|
|
The theme of geography that deals with the travel of people and ideas.
|
Movement.
|
|
|
The theme of geography that looks at how humans react to their environment.
|
Interaction with the Environment.
|
|
|
The theme of geography that studies areas of the Earth with similar characteristics.
|
Region.
|
|
|
o degrees longitude, running through Greenwich England.
|
Prime Meridian.
|
|
|
The line at which a new day begins, located at approximately 180 degrees longitude.
|
International Date Line.
|
|
|
0 degrees latitude.
|
Equator.
|
|
|
The system of intersecting lines on a map used for location.
|
Grid system.
|
|
|
The numbers given to the spot where lines intersect on a map.
|
Coordinates (measured by degrees, minutes and seconds).
|
|
|
Economy involving a nomadic existence with little to no surplus or trade.
|
Subsistence.
|
|
|
Exchange goods for a representative of value.
|
Currency.
|
|
|
Beliefs and rituals surrounding sacred things
|
Religion.
|
|
|
The way in which people define and govern themselves.
|
Political System.
|
|
|
The vast time span before the invention of written records.
|
Prehistory.
|
|
|
The study of the physical remains of a culture.
|
Archaeology.
|
|
|
The dating of a find by the things around it.
|
Context Dating.
|
|
|
The broad term for dating by examination of the layers of earth in which an artifact or site is found.
|
Stratigraphy.
|
|
|
Dating that measures radioactive mineral changes in volcanic rocks.
|
Potassium-Argon.
|
|
|
A dating method measuring stored energy in rocks exposed to fire.
|
Thermoluminescence.
|
|
|
Charles Darwin's book on evolution.
|
The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection.1859
|
|
|
What are early primitive hominid species called?
|
Australopithecus and Paranthropus.
|
|
|
The three hominids to leave Africa.
|
Homo georgicus, Homo ergaster, and Homo erectus.
|
|
|
The two conditions during the time of the Great Ice Age.
|
Glacier (cold) and Interglacier (warmer) periods.
|
|
|
What advances marked the "creative explosion" development?
|
Cave painting, microliths, polished blades, and Venus/fertility figurines.
|
|
|
Small scale seasonal farming.
|
Horticulture.
|
|
|
What 5 religious centers/monuments appeared as Calcolithic culture advanced?
|
Megaliths, Malta, Newgrange, Barnenez and Stone henge.
|
