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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dendrites
soma axon |
d: short branches which receive neural impulses from adjacent neurons
s: cell body a: tube that transmits messages |
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terminal buttons
myelin sheath synaptic clef |
tb:end of the axon that secretes neurotransmitters
ms:protective covering around axon. sheath acts as an inhibitor speeding up travel time. sc: slight gap b/w terminal button and receiving neuron |
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neurotransmitter
glial cells |
nt: chemical that diffuses across synaptic gap and stimulates next neuron
gc: non-neuron cells that act as protection against axons |
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nerve
multiple sclerosis |
bundle of axons
ms: myelin sheath is broken down causing for a slowing down of action potentials down axon |
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action potential
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chemical impulse that travels from cell body to end of axon
-cell membrane is semipermeable -depolarization repeating itself down the length of the axon |
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ion channels
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molecules form pores across cell membrane
-regulate sodium and potassium -permeable to K during times of non-action potential -permeable to Na during potential |
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ion pumps
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during RESTING STATE:
high concentration of Na outside of membrane, K in membrane |
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resting potential
all-or-none principal |
-electric potential at rest for a neuron (-40 to -100 millivolts)
-size of action potential is constant and cannot be changed -only thing changeable is frequency |
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nodes of ranvier
saltatory conduction |
n.r.: tiny gaps in axons s.c.: process by which nerve impulse jumps the ranvier
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excitation
inhibition |
e: neurotransmitter that increases chance of action potential (change of cell charge (+))
i: neurotransmitter that works to hyperpolarize (-) |
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reuptake
degradation |
r: releasing cell recollects neurotransmitter after it releases synapse
d: breaking up of neurotransmitter by enzymes in synaptic cleft |
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cocaine
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norepinephrine that affects mood(prolong by slowing down reuptake)
blocks pumps from reuptaking DOPAMINE |
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agonist
antagonist threshold |
1. bind onto receptos and cause for continuous potentials
2. block receptors so neurotransmitters not able to connect on 3. level at which action potential is created (different per cell/receptor site) |
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spacial summation
temporal summation |
spatial: same message received to soma from multiple sources same time
temporal: same message received from 1 soma very quickly |
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EEG
alpha waves delta waves |
crude measure of cordical activity
alpha waves = brain waves usually during awake or first sleep cycle dela waves = brain waves during 3rd/4th cycles |
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stages of sleep
(NREM) |
1. brain waves become less regular-alpha waves
2. appearance of spindles and k-complexes 3. slow, delta waves 4. still deeper, more common delta waves |
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REM(rapid eye movement) vs. nrem
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nrem
eye movememnts virtually nonexistent very relaxed body rem nearly paralyzed brain appears to be wide awake dreaming occurs |
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opponent-process theory
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brain possesses two opponent processes that govern tendency to sleep/stay awake
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circadian rhythm
homeostatic sleep drive |
series of psychological/physiological changes to altertness (25 hrs)
pull/push between being asleep and being awake -work together as CR is reset by sun/light and homeostasis will allow that to happen through proper sleep period |
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insomnia
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dissatisfaction w/ the amount or quality of one's sleep
-usually objective as person can only perceive of staying up all night/not dreaming |
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narcolepsy
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irresistible sleep attacks at any time of the day
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apnea
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person stops breathing during sleep
-either brain forget to elicit breathe command or -diaphragm too relaxed |
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lucid dreams
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events seem so normal as to feel awake and conscious
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theories of dreaming:
1. psychoanalytic 2. activation-synthesis 3. memory reorganization |
1. dreams as wishes/symbolism for other things
2. dreams as problem-solving from the day 3. dreams as memory storage and making sense of random firing of neurons during rem stage |
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k-complex
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sharp rise and fall in whole amplitude of EEG
during stage 2 sleep |
