History Guide Ch.18

Front 1

Although tobacco is a new world plant long use by Amerindians, who began growing the crop on large plantations?

Back 1

English

Front 2

What were charted companies?

Back 2

Groups of private investors who paid an annual fee to France and England in exchange for a monopoly

Front 3

List 4 descriptors of the Dutch West India Company

Back 3

● seized Brazilian sugar products
● ship slaves to Brazil
● paid stockholders huge dividends
● private trading company

Front 4

What did the expansion of sugar plantations in the West Indies require

Back 4

The required a sharp increase in the volume of the slave trade from Africa

Front 5

Which area best illustrates the dramatic transformation that sugar brought to the 17th century Caribbean?

Back 5

Barbados

Front 6

In the 17th century Caribbean, indentured servants cost _____ as slaves

Back 6

half as much

Front 7

The cultivation and production of sugar can best be described as requiring ____ as well as ______ production methods

Back 7

simple tools, more expensive

Front 8

How did France and England expand the Caribbean holdings ?

Back 8

by attacking older Spanish colonies

Front 9

Why were the French plantation economies considered "more diverse" ?

Back 9

various crops = coffee, cocoa

Front 10

through what did sugar plantations cause environmental damage ?

Back 10

soil exhaustion and deforestation

Front 11

Where would slave children most likely be found working?

Back 11

under the "Grass-Gang" doing simple work

Front 12

On most islands, the % of slaves in the population was ____%

Back 12

90%

Front 13

In the 18th century, West Indian plantations were controlled by plantocracy, which was what?

Back 13

rich men who owned most of the slaves and most of the land

Front 14

Why did men outnumber women on the Caribbean plantations?

Back 14

Because slave trade imported twice as many males then females

Front 15

Who were typically "drivers"?

Back 15

A a privileged male slave whose job was to ensure that a slave gang did its work on a plantation

Front 16

Why were plantation slaves motivated to work hard

Back 16

Either : rewarded , or Fear of the lash

Front 17

What did manumission permit slaves to do

Back 17

The legal grant of freedom to an individual slave by owner by purchase or receiving

Front 18

What was the life expectancy for 19th century Brazilian male slaves?

Back 18

23 years

Front 19

Most slaves died of _____.

Back 19

disease

Front 20

List 3 methods used to curtail African cultural traditions by European planters

Back 20

●required slaves to learn colonial language
●converting to Christianity
● mixed slaves in from other parts of Africa

Front 21

Among the planter elite in Saint Domingue, where would free blacks rank in the social hierarchy?

Back 21

Third

Front 22

Which maroon community first signed treaties recognizing their independent status as runaway slaves?

Back 22

Jamaican

Front 23

To reduce the risks of overseas trading, what did companies purchase?

Back 23

royal monopolies

Front 24

What is mercantilism?

Back 24

European governments policies designed to promote overseas trade between a country and its colonies and to accumulate precious metals

Front 25

What were the English Navigation Acts in the 1660's meant to do?

Back 25

Confined trade with its colonies to English ships and cargos

Front 26

While the British system of mercantilism was defined by the Navigation Acts, the French system use laws known as what?

Back 26

Exclusif

Front 27

The "clockwise" network of trade in the Atlantic was the _____ circuit

Back 27

Atlantic

Front 28

The second leg of the Atlantic circuit, transporting slaves across the Atlantic plantation colonies was known as________

Back 28

Middle passage

Front 29

During the first 150 after the European discovery of the Americas, how many Africans were transported in the Atlantic slave trade?

Back 29

800,000

Front 30

During the "sugar boom" from 1650 to 1800, _____ slaves were transported

Back 30

7.5 million

Front 31

What was the principal cause of mortality aboard Atlantic slave ships?

Back 31

Disease

Front 32

What 2 items did Africans who provided slaves to Europeans most often prefer to receive in return?

Back 32

gold trinkets & guns

Front 33

Which African state was most dependent on the slave trade?

Back 33

Homie

Front 34

Most slaves taken from Africa were ______

Back 34

Men because they were most likely to rebel

Front 35

In the 18th century, what was the major source of slaves in the interior of the Bight of Biafra?

Back 35

kidnapping

Front 36

The greatest source for slaves for the Atlantic slave trade was from which country

Back 36

Angola

Front 37

Generally, the Atlantic African slave trade was based on a partnership between who?

Back 37

Portugal & Brazil

Front 38

Most slaves in the Islamic world were ______ & ______.

Back 38

soldiers & servants

Front 39

Islamic law prohibited the enslavement of__________

Back 39

Muslims

Front 40

Who made up the majority of African slaves in the Islamic world and for what two purposes?

Back 40

Women for concubines or servants

Front 41

Both Muslims and Europeans obtain slaves from sub-saharan Africa. Which slave trade with smaller?

Back 41

Islamic slave trade was smaller

Front 42

List 4 elements of population loss in Africa as a result of the slave trade

Back 42

● even at peak of trade population Africa Burmese large
● population loss was reduced by the fact that more men than women were traded
● areas near slave Coast lost a disproportionate amount of people
● new foods from the Americas help offset population losses due to slave trade

Front 43

Who gained the most wealth from the Atlantic slave trade, Europeans are Africans?

Back 43

Europeans